Forests and Vegetation

Forests of the Plains and Mountains

The plains of Bulgaria are mostly covered with oak forests (Quercus species). These oaks grow widely and are the most common trees in the lower areas. Above 500 metres, the beech tree (Fagus sylvatica) becomes the dominant species and is the most important tree of the Bulgarian mountains.

In the middle mountain zones, oaks and beeches grow together. Oaks cover the lower slopes, while beeches dominate the upper slopes. Evergreen oaks are found above 1,000 metres. Other trees mixed with oak and beech include hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), elm (Alnus glutinosa), and plane trees (Acer pseudoplatanus) Turkey Sightseeing.

Above the beech forests, particularly in the Rhodopes and Rilo mountains, conifer forests are common. These include fir trees (Abies pectinate, Picea excelsa), pines (Pinus silvestris, Pinus laricio), and juniper (Juniperus nana). In some areas, the beech has replaced the conifers, making them rare in the Stara-Planina and Ossogovo mountains.

On the hills and lower slopes, forests are replaced by shrubs, brambles, and thorns. Among these, lilac groves (Syringa vulgaris) are especially characteristic. The north ridge of the Rhodopes provides a clear example of the vertical distribution of trees:

Oaks grow up to 700 metres

Beech trees up to 1,300 metres, mixed with conifers above 1,100 metres

The highest tree-covered region reaches 1,900 metres

Southern Bulgaria and Agriculture

Southern Bulgaria, sheltered from cold north winds by the Stara-Planina, is rich in southern plants. The main crops grown are wheat, maize, and barley. Other crops include rye, oats, millet, and spelt, while buckwheat is rare. Rice is common in the Maritza valley, and potatoes are being introduced in less fertile areas.

Fruit cultivation is important. Grapes grow well up to 500 metres, while mulberry trees thrive in lower zones. This combination of forests and fertile plains makes Bulgaria rich in natural resources and agricultural potential, supporting both mountain and lowland communities.