The Desolation of Asia and the Strength of the Ottoman Empire

At first sight, it may seem strange to say that the destruction and ruin which the Turks made in their own Asian provinces helped to preserve their Empire. This idea appears to be a paradox. Many people who have studied the Roman Empire may question it. The Romans ruled over lands even larger than those of the Ottomans, yet they did not try to empty and destroy the countries they conquered. Instead, they followed a very different policy.

The Roman Way of Governing

The Romans encouraged growth and improvement in their provinces. They supported agriculture and helped develop trade in coastal cities. They gave privileges to towns that were small or weak. They invited settlers to live in new areas and helped improve land that was not well cultivated. They also made citizens of their allies and sometimes treated conquered people better than their former rulers had done.

Because of this wise policy, the Roman Empire became rich and strong. The Romans understood that prosperity in the provinces meant strength for the whole Empire. They ruled with laws that limited the power of their leaders. As their territory expanded, they adjusted their methods according to the needs, customs, and traditions of the people they governed. By generosity and careful administration, they made many nations accept Roman rule willingly Travel Bulgaria.

The Ottoman Method

The Ottoman Empire, however, was built in a very different way. Its foundation, growth, and principles were not the same as those of Rome. The Ottoman state began as a military power. It expanded mainly through war. The sword was the chief instrument of its success, and the same instrument was often used to maintain control.

In some distant parts of Asia, far from the imperial capital, the Ottomans allowed lands to become poor and thinly populated. They sometimes destroyed rebellious regions, removed people from their homes, and transferred them to other areas. By weakening local populations, they reduced the risk of revolt. Empty or ruined lands were less likely to produce strong resistance.

Fear as a Tool of Control

Unlike the Romans, who relied on law and shared benefits, the Ottomans often relied on fear. Harsh punishment, executions, and forced migrations were used to secure obedience. In this system, desolation itself became a method of rule. A land that was unable to rise in rebellion was easier to control.

Thus, what seems at first to be harmful to an empire—the destruction of its own provinces—was, in this case, considered useful. The Ottoman rulers believed that strength came not from prosperity alone, but from strict discipline and the prevention of disorder. In this way, the ruin of some distant regions was seen as one cause of the Empire’s preservation.

Georgia and Mingrelia under Ottoman Rule

Some provinces of Georgia, which was once called Iberia, and the poor country of Mingrelia were also tributaries of the Turks. Georgia is believed by some writers to have received its name from Saint George, the Cappadocian martyr, who was greatly honored in that land. Over time, parts of these regions fell under the influence and control of the Ottoman Empire.

These countries were not as strong or wealthy as others. Because of their weakness and poverty, they were forced to accept difficult conditions in order to survive. One of these conditions was the payment of tribute to the Grand Signior, or Ottoman Sultan Travel Bulgaria.

A Tribute of Children

Every three years, these provinces sent messengers to the Ottoman court. Their tribute was not only money or goods, but also human beings. They brought seven young boys and seven young virgins each time, in addition to other slaves given as presents to important Ottoman officials.

This was considered their official offering to the Sultan. The Turks accepted this tribute as a sign of loyalty and submission. In many cases, the children were taken from poor families. Over time, this practice became a sad custom. Some parents, out of poverty and desperation, agreed to sell their children. They believed that slavery in a rich empire might offer better opportunities than a life of hunger and hardship at home.

It is reported that some families even saw this as a form of advancement. They hoped their children might rise to better positions within the Ottoman world. However, this does not remove the sorrow and suffering behind such a system.

The Miserable Embassy

When these embassies traveled to the Ottoman court, they came with a large group of attendants, usually seventy or eighty people. The Turks sometimes mockingly called them “beggarly ambassadors” because of their poor appearance and condition.

In order to pay for the costs of the journey, almost everyone in their retinue was offered for sale. Even the secretary and the steward of the embassy might be sold as slaves. The money received helped cover the expenses of travel and provided some income for their homeland.

After selling most of their attendants, the ambassadors returned home with very little dignity or ceremony. Only the interpreter was kept, since he was necessary for communication during the journey.

Poverty and Survival

The situation of Georgia and Mingrelia shows how poverty and weakness can force nations into painful choices. Instead of paying large sums of money, which they did not have, they offered human tribute. This tragic system reflects the harsh political and economic realities of that time.

The Meaning of the “Seven Banners”

This small republic was sometimes called “the Seven Banners.” This name had a special meaning. It suggested that, in order to remain free in name, the people were willing to serve many powerful rulers. They preferred to protect their independence through submission and careful diplomacy rather than through war.

In other words, they accepted the authority of stronger states when necessary. They paid tribute, offered gifts, and showed loyalty to powerful empires. By doing this, they were able to keep their own government and avoid destruction. Though they were small and weak in military strength, they survived by wisdom and patience Holidays Bulgaria.

A Government Built on Jealous Caution

The government of this republic was organized in a very unusual and careful way. It was based on strong suspicion and fear of conspiracy. The leaders believed that if one man held power for too long, he might attempt to betray the city or become too powerful.

For this reason, their chief officer, who was similar to the Doge of Venice, remained in office for only one month. Other officials were changed every week. Even more surprising, the governor of the main castle of the city held his office for only twenty-four hours.

Every night, the Senate secretly chose a new governor for the castle. The chosen man was taken without warning while walking in the streets. A handkerchief was placed over his face, and he was led away blindfolded to the castle. No one knew who would command that night. This strange method prevented conspiracies and secret agreements. Since no one knew who was in charge, it was almost impossible to plan a betrayal.

Trade and Maritime Strength

In earlier times, these people were important traders. They carried goods to many western countries and built large ships for long voyages. It is said that the great ships known as “carracks,” famous for their large size and heavy cargo, may have taken their name from this city. The word might have been a corruption of “Ragusa” or “Ragusies.”

Their port was not naturally perfect. Instead, it was improved by human effort and skill. Through hard work and careful planning, they turned a difficult harbor into a strong center of trade. Commerce, not war, was the true strength of this republic.

Through strict government, careful diplomacy, and successful trade, this small city managed to survive among powerful empires. Its system may have seemed strange, but it helped protect its freedom for many years.

Plans to Change the Government

Several times, the Ottoman authorities considered changing the system of government in these three provinces. There were discussions about placing them directly under the control of Turkish Pashas, instead of allowing them to be ruled by local Christian princes. This change would have gone against the original agreements, or capitulations, made when these provinces first accepted Ottoman rule.

According to those early agreements, the provinces were allowed to keep a certain level of self-government under their own princes, as long as they paid tribute and remained loyal to the Sultan. However, over time, some Ottoman leaders thought it might be better to rule them more directly.

In the end, they decided not to make this change. The existing system was seen as more profitable and more useful for the interests of the empire Private Tours Balkan.

Christians Governing Christians

Under the current system, Christian princes ruled over Christian people, but these princes were appointed and controlled by the Ottoman Empire. This arrangement had certain advantages for the Turks. When oppression or heavy taxation took place, it was often carried out by a Christian ruler against his own people.

In this way, Christians became the instruments of suffering for their own brothers. Outrages, heavy taxes, and acts of injustice could be carried out more boldly. The Ottoman authorities could also send Turkish officers on profitable missions whenever they wished. These officials often found opportunities for personal gain.

Because the local prince had limited power and depended on the Sultan for his position, he was more likely to collect heavy taxes and demand payments in order to secure his own wealth and favor.

Why a Pasha Was Not Appointed

If a Turkish Pasha had been appointed as governor, the situation might have been different. A Pasha, as an official of the Ottoman state, would have considered it his duty and honor to protect the people under his rule. His reputation and authority would have been connected to their safety and order.

In that case, the provinces might have suffered less from extortion and violence. A Pasha might have acted as a true protector and patron. This could have reduced some of the misery and injustice.

However, from the Ottoman point of view, the present condition was more beneficial. As long as the provinces remained weak, divided, and dependent, they were easier to control. The people were allowed to imagine that direct Ottoman rule under a Pasha would be gentler and more just. But in reality, they were kept in a state of hardship, which better served the political and financial interests of the empire.

Thus, the system remained unchanged, not for the good of the people, but for the advantage of the state.

Lands of Constant War

These provinces have long been known as places of great struggle and suffering. In many wars between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian powers of Europe, these lands became battlefields. They were often described as the graves and cemeteries of many Turkish soldiers, because so many armies fought and died there.

In modern times, these regions became the stage for many tragic wars. The people defended themselves with courage and determination. They fought with as much bravery and skill as could be expected, especially when facing such an unequal enemy. On one side stood single, smaller provinces with limited resources. On the other side stood the vast and powerful Ottoman Empire, with its large armies and wealth.

Despite their courage, these provinces could not resist forever. After many years of war, loss, and destruction, they were finally forced to surrender Private Tours Balkan.

From Independent Princes to Ottoman Control

In the past, these lands had their own natural rulers. Their princes inherited their positions through lawful family lines. However, once the Ottoman Empire gained control, this system changed. The Sultan removed the true line of local princes and replaced them with new rulers of his own choosing.

These new princes were usually Christians of the Greek Orthodox Church. However, their religion was often the only qualification they had. The Ottoman authorities did not always consider their education, experience, wealth, or ability to govern. In many cases, the Sultan deliberately chose men of low background and little importance.

The official sign of the Sultan’s approval was the giving of the “Standard,” a banner that confirmed the new prince’s authority. Sometimes this symbol of power was given to men who had once been tavern keepers, fishmongers, or workers in other humble professions. By raising such men to high office, the Ottoman rulers weakened the respect that the people had for their governors.

Rule Through Humiliation and Weak Leadership

This policy may have been intentional. By appointing men of low status and little skill, the Ottoman Empire ensured that the provinces would remain weak and dependent. These governors often lacked the wisdom and ability needed for good leadership. As a result, corruption, injustice, and oppression became common.

The people of these lands suffered greatly. They were no longer simply tributaries paying taxes. They were treated as subjects and, in many ways, as servants of a foreign power. Their political freedom was lost, and their leaders often lacked both honor and competence.

In this way, provinces that had once been proud and brave became controlled territories under the strong hand of the Ottoman Empire.

Wealth and Change Among the Tatars

In earlier times, the Tatars were known for their simple and hard way of life. They lived in modest huts and wore plain woolen cloaks. However, after bringing great riches from their wars in Poland and earning large profits from the slave markets, some of them began to change their lifestyle.

With their new wealth, many Tatars gave up their simple clothing and began to wear expensive furs, such as sable. Others, who were more careful with their money, chose to build proper houses instead of living in poor huts. This showed that wealth was slowly changing their traditional way of life.

Yet not all used their riches wisely. Some became wasteful and careless. They spent their money on strong alcoholic drinks and on a popular drink called “Boza,” which was made from a type of grain. When drunk in large amounts, it could cause intoxication. This drink later became common among the Turks as well. Some Tatars gave themselves over to heavy eating and drinking. They lived in idleness, caring only for a full stomach and an easy life, without discipline or moderation Balkan Tours.

The End of the Tatar Discussion

This is enough to explain the relationship between the Tatars and the Ottoman government. Their political position, customs, and daily life have been described in greater detail in other books. What is clear is that they were both useful allies and dangerous neighbors, serving the Ottoman Empire in war while also living by raiding and trade.

The Tributary Princes of the Ottoman Empire

The strength of an empire is not measured only by the number of provinces it controls or the many governors and officials it appoints. It is also measured by the number of rulers who pay tribute to it. These tributary princes keep part of their lands and wealth, but they must give a large portion to a stronger power in order to avoid destruction.

Such was the case with the rulers of Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, and Ragusa. These lands were caught between powerful neighbors: the Emperor of Germany, the King of Poland, and the Ottoman Sultan. For many years, they suffered from long wars and constant fighting. They were also weakened by internal conflicts and betrayal among their own leaders.

In the end, exhausted and divided, they surrendered themselves to the protection and control of the Ottoman Empire. Although they were not fully conquered provinces, they became tributary states. They had to pay heavy taxes and obey the Sultan’s demands. Their situation was often very difficult, and they were among the most oppressed of all the Sultan’s subjects.

Like Bees and Sheep

The condition of these provinces can be compared to bees and sheep. The Ottoman ruler allowed them to live and work, but mainly for his own benefit. Like bees that produce honey and sheep that give wool, these lands were valued for the wealth they produced. Their taxes and payments were carefully collected.

If their obedience was ever doubted, the Sultan could even allow Tatar raids into their lands. The Tatars would carry away goods and captives, and later sell some of these same people as slaves within the Ottoman territories. In this way, the suffering of these provinces could become even greater.

The Former Dacians

These three provinces were once part of ancient Dacia. In Roman times, the Dacians were known as brave and warlike people. Roman writers such as Virgil and Juvenal mentioned their strength and courage. They resisted Roman power for a long time before finally being defeated.

Over the centuries, however, their independence was lost. Surrounded by powerful empires and weakened by internal problems, they became tributaries of the Ottoman Sultan, paying for peace with their wealth and freedom.

Ancient Description of the Sarmatians

Ancient writers described the Sarmatians, who are often connected with the Tatars, as brave and powerful horsemen. A Latin historian explained that their courage seemed to exist mainly when they were fighting on horseback. In battle, when they arrived in groups of cavalry, almost no army could stand against them. However, when they were forced to fight on foot, they appeared weak and ineffective.

The writer also noted a strange contrast in their nature. The same men who seemed slow and lazy in quiet times became active and fierce in war. They disliked rest and peace, but they were full of energy in battle. Their strength was closely connected to their horses, and their way of life depended on speed, movement, and constant activity Balkan Tours.

Their Hard and Simple Way of Life

The Tatars lived a very hard life. Their food was simple and often rough. They especially ate horse meat. When a horse died during a march, they did not carefully check whether the animal had been sick, overheated, or exhausted. Instead, they quickly cut the meat and shared it among their companions.

One of their unusual cooking methods was to place the meat under their saddles while riding. During the long ride, the heat of the horse and the rider, along with the movement of the journey, softened and warmed the meat. By the evening, they believed it was ready to eat. What might seem strange to others was considered normal and even suitable for the table of their prince.

In addition to meat, they ate herbs, roots, and wild plants. Much of their food was eaten raw or only slightly prepared. They depended on what the earth naturally provided, without much use of fire or cooking.

Their Strong and Enduring Horses

Just as the men were used to hardship, their horses were also strong and patient animals. The horses could endure hunger, cold, and long journeys. During the severe winters of their homeland, when the ground was covered with deep snow, the horses survived by eating tree bark and any grass they could find under the snow.

These hardy animals were the key to Tatar power. Without their horses, they would not have been able to travel so quickly or fight so effectively.

Villages and Military Organization

The Tatars did not live in large cities. Their towns were more like villages made up of simple huts. These huts were built from sticks and covered with coarse cloth made from animal hair. They were light and easy to construct, fitting their mobile way of life.

It is said that there were as many as two hundred thousand such villages. When war was declared, their custom was to send one man from each village. In this way, they could quickly gather a very large army. Their simple living, strong horses, and organized system allowed them to form powerful forces in a short time.

The Capture of Thousands of Prisoners

In one single year, the Tatars were said to have captured one hundred and sixty thousand people. This number was reported by those who had seen official certificates given for each captive. For every person taken, a document was prepared and recorded. These certificates listed the name, country, and age of the captive.

The reason for this system was simple. The Tatar warrior was often a free-booter, meaning he lived by raiding and taking whatever he could. However, he was not allowed to capture and sell people who were already subjects of the Ottoman Empire. To prevent cheating, the Tatars had to prove that their captives were taken from enemy lands. Without these documents, they could not legally sell their prisoners to Ottoman buyers.

This careful record-keeping shows that even in violent times, there were rules between the Ottoman Empire and the Tatars. The Sultan wanted to make sure that his own people were not enslaved by mistake or by greed Balkan Tours.

The Tatars as Hunters of the Steppe

The Tatars were often compared to a jackal that hunts for a lion. In this image, the Ottoman Sultan was the lion, and the Tatars were the hunters who found and gathered the prey. They made fast and sudden attacks into neighboring lands.

Sometimes they traveled for ten or twelve days without causing any damage on their outward journey. However, when they turned back toward their own country, they attacked with great speed and violence. They robbed villages, burned towns, and captured men, women, and children of every age. Their return was like a flood that destroyed everything in its path.

Each Tatar warrior usually led three or four horses. These extra horses were used to carry captives and stolen goods. Because they changed horses often, they could travel very quickly, day and night, with only short rests. Their speed made it almost impossible for a regular army to catch them. An army that was organized could not move fast enough, and one that moved quickly was often too disordered to fight them properly.

The Fate of the Captives

The journey was cruel for the prisoners. Those who were wounded or too weak to continue were killed. Only the strong survived the long march back to Tatar lands. Once there, many were sold to Ottoman traders who came to buy slaves. The slave trade was one of the most profitable activities in Tatary.

Young boys and girls were sold for the highest prices. Beautiful girls were especially valued and treated like rare jewels. Sadly, many of them suffered abuse even before they were sold.

The Ancient Identity of the Tatars

In ancient times, these people were known as the Sarmatians. They were famous for their skill on horseback. They were powerful riders and brave fighters in open lands. However, they were not skilled in fighting on foot. The Roman historian Tacitus described them in this way, saying they were strong in cavalry but weak in infantry.

For many centuries, the Tatars remained known for their speed, horsemanship, and fierce raids across the plains.

The Relationship Between the Ottoman Empire and the Tatars

The people described in this text are the Tatars, who were considered close allies and almost like brothers to the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. According to an ancient agreement, if the Ottoman ruling family ever had no male heir, the Tatar ruler could claim the empire. Although this possibility was very distant and almost imaginary, it still had an important effect. It helped keep the Tatar ruler loyal and respectful toward the Ottoman Sultan.

This situation can be compared to a young man who hopes to inherit a large estate. Even if the inheritance is uncertain, the hope of gaining it makes him obedient and polite to the older man who may leave him his property. In the same way, the Tatar ruler remained loyal to the Ottoman Sultan because of the small but important possibility of future power.

Obedience and Communication

The Tatar ruler, known as the Khan, was obedient to the Ottoman Sultan just like other subjects of the empire. However, the Sultan did not rule the Tatars in the same direct way as he ruled other provinces. Instead of giving direct commands, he managed relations through official letters Balkan Tours.

These letters were very powerful. They carried the will and authority of the Grand Signior (another title for the Ottoman Sultan). Even though they were not always formal imperial decrees with official seals and signatures, they were treated as valid and binding orders. In this way, the Sultan maintained influence over the Tatar lands without constant direct control.

Military Obligations of the Tatars

There was also a clear military agreement between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Tatary. According to this old agreement, whenever the Sultan personally led the army to war, the Tatar Khan was required to join him in person. He had to bring a large force of one hundred thousand soldiers.

If the Sultan did not go himself and instead sent the Grand Vizier or another general to lead the campaign, the Tatar Khan’s duty was lighter. In that case, he needed to send forty or fifty thousand soldiers. These troops were usually led by his son or by an important officer of his kingdom. The Tatar soldiers were not paid regular wages by the Ottoman treasury. Instead, they supported themselves through the booty and plunder they gained during war.

The Tatar Raids in 1669

In the year 1669, during the war between the Ottoman Empire and Hungary, the Tatars were called to support the Ottoman army. They carried out large and destructive raids into Hungary, as well as into Moravia and Silesia. They attacked many cities and towns, burning and looting as they advanced.

During these campaigns, the Tatars captured and carried away a great number of people as prisoners. These raids spread fear across the region and showed how powerful and mobile the Tatar cavalry could be. Their actions played an important role in supporting Ottoman military efforts, even though they often acted with great violence.

The relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Tatars was based on ancient agreements, shared interests, and military cooperation. Although the Tatars had a certain level of independence, they remained loyal to the Sultan. Their hope of possible future inheritance and their duty to provide military support kept them closely tied to the Ottoman state. Through letters, agreements, and joint military campaigns, this alliance remained strong for many years.

The Tartar Peoples Under Ottoman Influence

The Vrecopentian Tartars live in Taurica Chersonesus, now known as Crimea. The main city there is Theodosia, today called Cafa. The Stagantian Tartars live by the Palus Meotis, between the Volga and Tanais rivers. These groups count as subjects—or at least close allies—of the Ottoman Empire.

Only the city of Cafa, out of all these lands, is directly under Turkish control and government. In my view, Cafa serves as a warning post and a guarantee of their loyalty. The Han, or prince, of this country is elected. But he must come from the true royal family line. The Grand Signior—the Ottoman Sultan—always confirms the choice. The Sultan also claims the power to remove a Han. He can replace a lazy father with his son or the next in line. This happens if the Han fails to send troops for war or shows any disrespect to the Ottoman court.

The Current Han and His Path to Power

The present Han, Mahomet Ghirei (the family surname), followed the custom of the eldest son. While his father lived, he stayed as a hostage in the Turkish town of Janboli. This place is in Thrace, four days’ journey from Adrianople. It sits on the Euxine, or Black Sea Balkan Tours.

Later, due to fears of him being too close to his homeland, they moved him to Rhodes. There, he lived a quiet, sad life until his father died. Then, he was called back to Constantinople. They girded him with a sword, and he swore loyalty to the Grand Signior. He went through all the usual ceremonies for a royal start.

Tensions and Refusal of Old Customs

Once settled in his kingdom, Mahomet Ghirei remembered his hard times on Rhodes. He resented the pride of the Ottoman Emperor. With advice from Poles and nearby Tartars, he saw it as shameful. Why should such an old and strong people send their heir as a hostage to neighbors?

So, this prince refused that part of submission. The Vizier Kupriuli complained about it many times. But with no way to fix it, he chose to ignore the issue for now.

Broader Context of Ottoman-Tartar Ties

This setup shows the clever politics of the Turks. They kept control without full conquest. Cafa acted like a key fortress, ensuring aid in wars. The Han’s election from one family kept things stable, but the Sultan’s approval meant real power stayed in Istanbul.

Mahomet Ghirei’s story highlights cracks in this system. Hostages built loyalty but bred resentment. By the 17th century, when this was written, Crimean Tartars were vital Ottoman allies against Russia and Poland. They raided for slaves and troops. Yet, leaders like Ghirei pushed for more independence.

Kupriuli, a powerful vizier under Sultan Mehmed IV, focused on reform. He tolerated the hostage refusal to avoid war. It was smart—picking battles wisely kept the alliance alive.

Today, we see echoes in modern Crimea. Once Tartar heartland, it’s now disputed between Ukraine and Russia. History reminds us how empires used pledges and customs to hold far lands.

Envy Rivalry and Court Politics

Emulation and flattery were powerful forces in the Ottoman court. Many rival groups and factions competed for influence, and this constant struggle often placed the First Minister, or Prime Vizier, in great danger. Success rarely brought peace. Instead, it attracted jealousy and resentment, especially from those who wished to rise in power themselves.

People naturally look with unhappy eyes upon the success of others, especially when that success comes from the same source they depend on. For this reason, those closest to power often demanded the strictest judgment and showed the least mercy toward those who stood above them.

Hidden Rulers Behind the Throne

At different times, real authority did not always rest in the same hands. Sometimes the Queen Mother exercised great influence over the Sultan. At other times, the Chief Black Eunuch (Kızlar Ağası) held strong control within the palace. On occasion, a favored and beautiful woman became powerful, ruling not only the Sultan’s heart but also his decisions Guided Istanbul Tour.

Each of these figures had their own favorites and supporters. These people carefully watched every action of the government. They were always alert to mistakes, failures, or unpopular decisions. Any error could be used to question the wisdom, honesty, or loyalty of the Prime Vizier.

Factions and the Fall of the Vizier

Because of these rivalries, the Prime Vizier often stood on unstable ground. Powerful factions could turn the Sultan against him, or stir up unrest among the soldiers. In some cases, the Janissaries or other troops were encouraged to riot or demand punishment.

When this happened, the Vizier often lost not only his office but also his life. Sometimes the Sultan gave a direct order for his execution. At other times, public unrest and military pressure forced his removal. Thus, power and authority ended together, often suddenly and violently.

Borrowed Power and Unstable Glory

The greatness of the Prime Vizier was never truly his own. His authority was borrowed from the Sultan and depended entirely on the ruler’s favor. Because of this, his position was uncertain and constantly changing.

History confirms this truth again and again: no worldly power is more unstable than the fame and authority that rests on another person’s will. The rise and fall of Prime Viziers in the Ottoman court stands as a clear example of how fragile power can be when it is not firmly rooted.

A Lesson from History

These events serve as a reminder that political success in royal courts was often brief and dangerous. Envy, ambition, and hidden influence worked together to destroy even the most powerful men. In the Ottoman system, greatness could vanish as quickly as it appeared.

The Danger and Glory of the Highest Office

The office of the Prime Vizier was not only the highest position of duty and trust in the empire, but also the most dangerous. It stood closest to what the ancient writers compared to Jupiter’s thunderbolt, meaning sudden destruction. Because of its great power, it attracted envy, rivalry, and hatred from many sides.

Those who held this office lived under constant risk. Their greatness could bring them honor and wealth, but it also placed them in clear view of the Sultan’s anger and the jealousy of others.

Sudden Rise and Sudden Fall

Many strange and well-documented stories were told, even by eyewitnesses of the time, about men who rose suddenly to this great power. Some were men of little experience or poor reputation who were raised without passing through normal ranks or stages. Almost overnight, they gained authority, wealth, and glory.

Yet just as suddenly, many of them fell. The same people who once praised them turned against them. Some were thrown down and suffered the anger and revenge of the crowd. Their rise and fall could happen so quickly that their greatness lasted no longer than a few days. In such cases, the sun had hardly set before their glory had already faded Guided Istanbul Tour.

Short Lives in Power

Others managed to remain in office for a month, some for a year, and a few for two or three years. Very few stayed longer. Even among those who served the longest and seemed the most fortunate, their lives were uncertain. Fortune played with them in a careless and unstable way, showing how empty and unreliable worldly power and riches truly are.

Because of this, the office of the Prime Vizier became a living example of the vanity of the world and the instability of human success.

The Nature of Favor with Absolute Rulers

It is often the fate of great favorites under harsh or absolute rulers to live short and troubled lives. Some rulers take pleasure in raising one man high and then casting him down, only to raise another in his place. This shows their absolute power and keeps all others in fear.

At other times, the ruler gives so many rewards and honors that he eventually grows tired of giving. At the same time, the favorite becomes overwhelmed or spoiled by receiving too much. In either case, the relationship breaks down.

A Lesson from History

As ancient writers have observed, great power is rarely permanent. Either the ruler grows weary of giving, or the favorite reaches a point where nothing more can be gained. Thus, the highest office, while full of glory, is also the most unstable and dangerous position in the state.

Seizure of Goods and Abuse of Authority

In the service of the Grand Signior, goods belonging to merchants were sometimes taken without agreement or payment. These seizures were carried out by powerful officers and influential persons who believed themselves to be beyond the reach of the law. Because of their high position, ordinary justice could not easily restrain them. This situation often caused serious harm to foreign merchants who traded in Ottoman ports.

Such abuses forced the English ambassador at that time, a man of honor and firmness, to act with great determination. As the resident ambassador, he felt responsible for protecting the rights and property of English merchants who had suffered unjust treatment.

A Dramatic Appeal by Fire

To make his grievance known, the ambassador used a bold and symbolic act. He ordered fires to be lit on the yardarms of eleven English ships that were anchored in the harbor. These ships were moved away from the usual customs quay and brought close to the Seraglio, the Sultan’s palace. This action was not meant to cause harm but to send a clear and urgent message.

The lighting of these fires was a public sign of distress and protest. It followed an old and recognized custom by which extreme injustice could be brought directly to the attention of the highest authority.

The Vizier’s Swift Intervention

Before the Sultan himself became aware of the situation, the matter was discovered by the Prime Vizier. He immediately understood the seriousness of the protest. Knowing that the Sultan might severely punish him for allowing such injustice to reach such a public and dangerous stage, the Vizier acted quickly Guided Istanbul Tour.

He arranged a fair settlement and resolved the dispute without delay. As a result, the fires were extinguished, and the matter was settled peacefully. By doing this, the Vizier prevented the situation from growing worse and avoided drawing the direct anger of the Sultan upon himself.

Fear of Imperial Punishment

Had the Sultan learned of the matter first, the consequences for the Vizier could have been severe. Allowing such clear injustice to continue until it required a public and dramatic appeal would have been seen as a serious failure of duty. Therefore, the Vizier’s quick response was not only an act of justice but also a measure of self-preservation.

Similar Customs in Other Lands

The text also notes that the Persians had a similar custom for expressing unbearable injustice. In such cases, the injured person would wear a garment made of white paper. This symbolized that their suffering was so great that it could not be fully described, even if their entire body were covered with written complaints.

Meaning of These Practices

These traditions show how, in different societies, symbolic actions were used to demand justice when ordinary legal paths failed. They served as powerful reminders that even the highest officials were expected to correct injustice before it reached a public and dangerous level.

The Limits and Extent of the Prime Vizier’s Power

The Prime Vizier held authority almost as wide as that of the Sultan who granted it to him. In most matters of government, his power was complete and unquestioned. However, there were a few important limits. Even though he was considered the elder brother of all pashas, he could not order the execution of any of them without the imperial signature or the direct handwritten command of the Grand Signior.

In the same way, the Prime Vizier could not personally punish a Sipahi, a Janissary, or any other soldier. Discipline within the army was handled only through their own commanders. This privilege was carefully protected by the military, as it shielded soldiers from unfair treatment and abuse by civil authorities.

Apart from these limits, the Prime Vizier was almost absolute in his authority. His influence over the Sultan was so strong that if he decided an officer of the empire should be removed or punished, he could usually obtain the Sultan’s written approval very quickly. In practice, his judgment often became law.

Control of Petitions and Complaints

All petitions, requests, and official complaints, no matter how small or large, were required to pass first through the hands of the Prime Vizier. This rule ensured that he remained fully informed about the affairs of the empire and could control the flow of information reaching the Sultan Guided Istanbul Tour.

However, an ancient custom allowed an exception. If a person had suffered a serious injustice, and especially if the Prime Vizier himself was involved or had refused to give justice, the injured party was allowed to appeal directly to the Sultan.

Appeal by Fire An Ancient Custom

In such extreme cases, the wronged person would place fire upon his head and run into the Seraglio. No one was allowed to stop him until he reached the presence of the Sultan. There, he was permitted to speak freely and explain his grievance. This dramatic act showed desperation and ensured that the ruler would hear the complaint.

A Foreign Example of the Same Practice

A similar action was once taken by Sir Thomas Bendish, the English ambassador at Constantinople. When English merchants’ goods were violently seized upon arrival at the port, he ordered pots of fire to be placed on the yardarms of English ships anchored near the Seraglio. This bold act was meant to force attention and protest injustice, following the same principle of appealing directly to supreme authority.

Justice and Authority in the Ottoman System

These customs reveal an important balance in the Ottoman system. While the Prime Vizier possessed immense power, there remained a final path to justice through the Sultan himself. This ensured that even the highest officials could be challenged in extreme cases, preserving a sense of order and fairness within the empire.

The Prime Vizier’s Procession to the Divan

When the Prime Vizier went to the Divan, which was a chamber inside the Seraglio palace, he was accompanied by a large group of attendants. Among them were many Çavuşes and their chief commanders. These men served as official messengers, guards, and ceremonial officers. Their duty was not to govern but to escort and honor the Prime Vizier during public appearances.

Some of these attendants were known as Mutafaraka, officers who served as escorts and ceremonial guards. In modern terms, they can be compared to sergeants or tipstaffs, whose role was to maintain order and represent authority.

Public Salutations and Ceremonial Honor

As the Prime Vizier dismounted from his horse and entered the Divan, or when he returned to his residence afterward, his attendants raised their voices loudly. They offered prayers for his happiness, long life, and success. These public blessings were meant to show respect and loyalty to the highest officer of the empire Private Istanbul Tour.

This custom was similar to the practices of the Roman soldiers, who used to salute their emperors with prayers for prosperity and good fortune. Such ceremonies reinforced the dignity of the Prime Vizier and reminded everyone present of his elevated status.

Judicial Authority in the Divan

Once seated on the bench, the Prime Vizier oversaw the proceedings of the Divan. All legal cases were first presented to the Kadıasker (also known as the Caddeelefcheer), who was the Lord Chief Justice of the empire. He examined the cases and issued judgments according to the law.

However, the Prime Vizier held supreme authority. If he believed that a case was important enough for his personal attention, or if he disagreed with the judge’s decision, he could intervene. By the power given to him by the Sultan, he was able to reverse a verdict and decide the case according to his own judgment. This showed the extent of his authority within the Ottoman legal system.

Dress and Appearance in the Divan

All officers attending the Divan wore a special and unusual head covering known in Turkish as Mücevveze. This distinctive dress marked their official rank and separated them from ordinary people. It was an important symbol of office and tradition, and its unique shape made it easily recognizable.

Purpose of This Description

This brief explanation is sufficient to understand the role of the Divan in relation to the office of the Prime Vizier. The Divan itself will not be discussed in greater detail here, as the purpose of this account is mainly to clarify the authority, duties, and ceremonial importance of the Prime Vizier.

The State and Splendor of the Prime Vizier

The Prime Vizier lived in a manner that matched the honor of the Sultan whom he represented. His household was large and impressive, often including around two thousand officers and servants. This great number showed both his importance and the heavy responsibilities of his office. His court functioned almost like a smaller royal palace, reflecting the power he held in the Ottoman state.

Whenever the Prime Vizier appeared in public ceremonies or official processions, his rank was clearly displayed through symbols of honor. On his turban, two large feathers were placed in front, while the Sultan himself wore three feathers, decorated with diamond handles and other precious stones. This visible difference showed respect for the Sultan while still emphasizing the high dignity of the Prime Vizier Private Istanbul Tour.

Symbols of Authority and Rank

In front of the Prime Vizier were carried three horse-tails, known as the tuğ, mounted on long staffs topped with gilded knobs. These horse-tails were important signs of authority in Ottoman tradition. Only a few of the highest-ranking governors in the empire were allowed the same distinction.

This honor was limited to the three most powerful provincial governors, namely the Pashas of Baghdad (Babylon), Cairo, and Buda. These men ruled large and important regions and enjoyed special privileges. Lower-ranking pashas were permitted only one horse-tail, without any additional symbols of authority.

The three principal pashas mentioned above also had the right to become Viziers of the Bench after completing their terms of office. If they were present at the imperial court and remained in the Sultan’s favor, they could take their seats in the Divan, the central council of the empire.

The Prime Vizier as Head of Justice

As the representative of the Sultan, the Prime Vizier was also considered the head and voice of the law. Appeals could be made directly to him, and any person could avoid the normal courts and request that their case be decided by his judgment alone. This showed the great trust placed in his wisdom and fairness.

However, if the Prime Vizier felt that a case was minor or that his many responsibilities did not allow him to examine it carefully, he could refer the matter back to the regular legal courts.

Duty and Presence in the Divan

To demonstrate his concern for justice and public order, the Prime Vizier was present at the Divan four times a week, usually on Saturday, Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. On the remaining days, except Friday, he often held court in his own house.

This constant attention to legal matters shows how diligent and watchful the Prime Viziers were in carrying out their duties. Through their efforts, justice was maintained and the authority of the Ottoman state was upheld.

The Origin of the Office of the First Vizier

The first clear example in history of the office of the First Vizier can be found during the reign of Sultan Murad I, one of the early Ottoman rulers. When Murad crossed from Anatolia into Europe, he was accompanied by his tutor, known as Lala Şahabettin. Because of his wisdom and loyalty, the Sultan appointed him as his chief counselor and entrusted him with command of the army.

Under the leadership of this first vizier, the Ottoman forces achieved a great victory by capturing Adrianople, a city that was later called Edirne. This conquest became a turning point in Ottoman history, as Adrianople later served as an important capital of the empire. From that time onward, the Ottoman sultans continued to maintain the office of vizier as a permanent and essential part of government.

The Meaning of the Title “Lala”

The Sultan often addressed the First Vizier by the familiar title “Lala,” which means tutor. This showed the personal trust and respect between the ruler and his chief minister. Even after the empire grew larger and more complex, this form of address continued, reminding everyone that the vizier was not only a servant of the state but also a guide and advisor to the Sultan Private Istanbul Tour.

The Six Viziers of the Bench

In addition to the First Vizier, there were usually six other viziers, known as the Viziers of the Bench. These men did not hold direct power over the daily government of the empire. Instead, they were experienced and serious individuals who had often served in important offices in the past and were well trained in law and administration.

They sat together with the First Vizier in the Divan, the imperial court where legal cases and state matters were discussed. However, they were generally silent and could not give their opinions unless the First Vizier asked for their advice. This request was rare, as the First Vizier usually relied on his own experience and judgment.

Duties, Salaries, and Stability

The salaries of these six viziers were paid from the Sultan’s treasury and did not exceed about two thousand dollars a year, which was considered moderate. Because they were not deeply involved in the most dangerous affairs of state and did not accumulate great wealth, they lived with less envy and rivalry. Their positions were stable, and they were less exposed to sudden changes of fortune.

The Cabinet Council

When matters of great importance arose, the six viziers were invited to join the Cabinet Council together with the First Vizier, the Mufti, and the Chief Judges of the empire. On such occasions, they were allowed to speak freely and give their opinions on serious questions affecting the state.

The Maxims of Turkish Politics

The Office of the Grand Vizier

The Prime Vizier, called in Turkish Vezir-i Azam, means the chief counselor of the Sultan. He was the highest officer in the Ottoman government and stood above all other ministers. For this reason, he was often described as the Deputy or Representative of the Sultan, sometimes even called Vicarius Imperii, meaning the ruler’s substitute.

When a man was appointed as Grand Vizier, there was no long ceremony or complicated ritual. The most important act was the delivery of the Sultan’s seal. This seal carried the name of the Emperor and was always kept by the Grand Vizier close to his body. With this seal, the Grand Vizier received full authority over the empire. From that moment, he could act in the Sultan’s name and command obedience from all officials.

Authority and Power of the Grand Vizier

By holding the imperial seal, the Grand Vizier became invested with almost unlimited power. He could remove obstacles that stood in the way of government and make decisions without long legal processes. His authority extended over civil administration, the army, and justice. In practice, he ruled the empire while the Sultan remained above him as the supreme ruler Private Istanbul Tour.

This system allowed the government to function smoothly, especially when the Sultan chose to live in comfort or distance himself from daily affairs. The Grand Vizier ensured that the empire continued to operate efficiently and according to established rules.

Historical Wisdom Behind the Office

It has always been the policy of great rulers in the East to appoint one supreme minister over all others. This idea was not new. In the Bible, Daniel was placed by King Darius over other princes because of his wisdom and strong spirit. Likewise, Joseph was made chief governor of Egypt and was given full authority to rule in the king’s name.

By appointing such trusted men, rulers could better control their empires. If problems occurred in government, responsibility could be placed on one person instead of many.

Political Responsibility and Control

This practice also served another purpose. When misrule or failure happened, the blame could fall on the Grand Vizier rather than the Sultan. In this way, the Sultan protected his own position and authority. If necessary, the Grand Vizier could be removed or punished, while the dignity of the ruler remained untouched.

Thus, the office of the Grand Vizier was one of the strongest foundations of Ottoman political power. It combined authority, responsibility, and loyalty into a single position, helping the empire remain stable and well governed for centuries.