Council disbanded Constantine

As soon as the creed and the anathema had been signed, the Council of Nicaea had little extra enterprise to transact. A date was set for the simultaneous celebration of Easter all through the church and an necessary set of guides, known as the Canons of Nicaea, had been ready for the clergy. Earlier than the Council disbanded, Constantine entertained them at a banquet at which presents got to all. After the meal, he delivered a short deal with, begging every to not decide his fellows harshly however to go away all judgment in issues of doctrine to God, to be solved by means of prayer and tolerance one for one more.

“How are you going to convert the world, if it shall not be by means of your individual instance?” he challenged them.

Lastly, he acknowledged his agency conviction of the nice accomplishments of the Council in phrases which he repeated later in a selected letter to the church buildings of Alexandria, in whose congregations many of the dissension had arisen.

“That which has recommended itself to the judgment of 300 bishops can’t be apart from the doctrine of God,” he wrote within the letter, “seeing that the Holy Spirit, dwelling within the minds of so many honorable males, will need to have completely enlightened them as to the need of God.”

And certainly, the Council of Nicaea was an ideal success, if for no different purpose than that for the primary time in historical past a majority of leaders within the Jap church as had been achieved to a lesser extent by the Council of Arles for the Western church some years earlier had been introduced collectively to debate, within the gentle of purpose, their widespread issues. And even when it weren’t true, as

Constantine stated in his last phrase to the Council, that “all heresy has been reduce out of the church,” at the very least he had made a honest effort to realize a unanimity of opinion amongst them.

Hosius of Cordoba

Happy although he was by the motion of the Council, Constantine might solely be dissatisfied by the choice of Hosius of Cordoba to return to his homeland. The Spanish prelate had been absent for greater than a decade, first as confessor to Empress Theodora and her household after which as spiritual adviser to Constantine himself. Apart from, Hosius was of the West, the place the church was coming increasingly more to search for management to the Bishop of Rome, whereas Constantine’s spiritual leanings, influenced by Eusebius of Caesarea and others, had been now increasingly more to the East as had been his political leanings additionally.

Byzantium behind Constantine

Leaving the partitions of Byzantium behind, Constantine strode briskly alongside the shore on the head of the surveying occasion, tracing a line upon the earth with the purpose of a spear as he walked. Panting with the hassle of maintaining, Adrian lastly reminded him that be had already indicated the boundaries of a metropolis far higher in space than any in that a part of the world. However he solely mentioned, “I shall advance till the invisible information who marches earlier than me thinks it proper to cease,” and continued on his approach.

The partitions of Byzantium have been nicely behind him when lastly Constantine turned and started to march landward throughout to the shore of the creek typically referred to as the Golden Horn by the inhabitants, marking out an space that included the entire seven hills. Although the remainder of the town was walled, no partitions have been deliberate for the shore of the Golden Horn. As an alternative, the mouth of the waterway was to be secured by putting throughout it a fantastic chain of iron, supported upon floats, denying passage to any ships besides these admitted on the order of the Emperor.

In the course of the 4 years required for the development of Nova Roma, the entire world was combed on Constantine’s orders for treasures with which to glorify the town. Many magnificent church buildings have been erected. One he chosen as his very personal and gave orders that upon his demise his physique was to be buried there in a golden sarcophagus. Devoted to the twelve apostles, it was to be some of the magnificent buildings erected to the glory of God and the salving of his personal conscience by the sad Emperor of Rome.

North of the Augustaeum

Within the heart of the town, he laid out a grandiose construction referred to as the Augustaeum, a big open space paved in marble and surrounded by stately buildings of comparable building. North of the Augustaeum, he ordered the constructing of one other nice church, and on the east, the Senate Home. Constantine’s private palace lay to the south, entered by a gate closed by doorways of bronze, whereas close by was the good Hippodrome for the video games, at all times an vital a part of any Roman metropolis, and the Baths of Zeuxippus, additionally thought-about indispensable by Romans.

Eusebius of Nicomedia

By the point Constantine devoted Nova Roma, the controversy was in full swing. And when the Emperor, his thoughts poisoned towards Athanasius by Eusebius of Nicomedia and others, ordered the Bishop of Alexandria to readmit Arius to the communion of that church, Athanasius refused. This was precisely what the followers of Arius had been attempting to result in. However to their appreciable dismay Constantine who by now was disgusted with the infighting that saved the church within the East in such a continuing turmoil refused to punish Athanasius. Additional accusations adopted and, three years after the dedication of Nova Roma, the Bishop of Alexandria was ordered to look earlier than a non secular courtroom at Caesarea.

Expert warrior in doctrinal battles that he was, Athanasius refused to defend himself within the territory of his enemies earlier than an already prejudiced tribunal. When he was lastly tried two years later at Tyre, previous prices, largely absurd, had been introduced towards him. However as he had achieved throughout the Council of Nicaea, he defended himself so skillfully and the trumpedup proof was so flimsy, that the courtroom didn’t dare convict him, lest it convey down upon itself the wrath of Constantine. A fee was due to this fact dispatched as an alternative to Africa searching for additional proof upon which further prices could be introduced.

In the meantime, Athanasius boldly threw himself upon imperial mercy by going to Nova Roma. Standing in the midst of the street, he barred Constantine’s passage into town, because the Emperor was coming back from a short journey. However when the Imperial Guards would have thrust the churchman apart, Constantine ordered them again.

“Your face appears acquainted,” he mentioned. “Have I seen you earlier than?” “I’m Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria.”

“I bear in mind now.” Constantine’s face cleared. “You had been very eloquent within the prosecution of Arius.”

“I hope I could be equally eloquent in my very own protection, Dominus if you’ll however permit me an viewers.”

“I’ve at all times admired a daring fighter, even within the unsuitable trigger,” Constantine instructed him.

“However mine is the appropriate trigger, Dominus, the reason for Christ.” “But you have got been condemned by a courtroom of bishops.”

Caesar Crispus visited Rome

“Did you say Caesar Crispus visited Rome?” Somebody extra observant than Marcellinus would have seen the sudden change in Constantine’s voice and method.

“Sure, Augustus, on the best way house to Gaul. All of us have been heartened when he sacrificed to Apollo. You’ve gotten a worthy son to ”

“How lengthy was he there?”

“Virtually every week. The individuals went wild over him and wouldn’t let him go. And now ”

Constantine bought abruptly to his toes. “I’ll discuss to you and the delegation once more tomorrow, Marcellinus,” he stated sharply and this time even the outdated Senator couldn’t fail to spot that one thing was fallacious.

“However Aug”

Constantine left the room earlier than Marcellinus may end what he was saying and didn’t cease till he was in his personal personal quarters and the door was shut. There he poured wine for himself with trembling arms and gulped it down, nearly choking from the strain of anger constricting his throat.

So the treachery had not ended with Licinius, he instructed himself. Now his personal son was working behind his again to construct favor with the individuals of Rome, sacrificing to the outdated gods as a result of he knew it could please them, letting himself be honored and receiving the plaudits of the group. What made issues even worse was Constantine’s realization that with the entire space east of the Alps nearly denuded of veteran troops to construct the military that had defeated Licinius and the Military of Gaul fanatically loyal to him, Crsipus may take Italy and Rome if he wished, as Constantine himself had taken it from Maxentius.

Constantine brooded

Combating for management, and shedding the battle, Constantine brooded over what he thought of the ingratitude of his son till lastly he fell asleep, solely to awaken within the grip of a nightmare by which a gleeful Crispus sacrificed his personal father upon the altar of Apollo. When the daybreak got here, he summoned his magister memoriae and dictated a terse order eradicating Crispus from his place as Caesar of Gaul and Britain and naming his son Constantine II as ruler there though the boy was not but in his teenagers with Eumenius, whose loyalty it didn’t happen to him to doubt, as performing Prefect. This achieved, he despatched a peremptory letter to Fausta at Rome, ordering her to return directly to Nicomedia and produce the kids together with her.

Edict of Milan and attacking

Licinius, then again, had espoused paganism increasingly more overtly in recent times, rescinding the Edict of Milan and attacking the church with a purpose to seize its wealth for the constructing of the military with which he deliberate to destroy his brother wearer of the purple. To this finish, he had developed a weapon whose extent he had been capable of maintain largely secret an enormous fleet recruited from the maritime international locations underneath his rule. On the Hellespont, the mouth of the waterway separating Europe from Asia, he now assembled greater than 300 and fifty ships of conflict underneath the command of an admiral named Amandus.

Constantine reacted to the information that the approaching battle can be fought each on land and sea with two swift maneuvers. At Thessalonica, close to the top of the Grecian Sea, he ordered that work be carried on night time and day within the shipyards to construct a fleet of 2 hundred conflict galleys and greater than a thousand transports. Within the meantime, lest Licinius assault the very important shipyards together with his superior fleet and cripple this part of the conflict, Constantine unexpectedly ready for a marketing campaign on land designed to maintain his opponent busy.

Licinius, nonetheless, countered by attacking, searching for to throw Constantine off stability earlier than he may marshal sufficient land and sea forces for a mixed pincers operation towards Byzantium, whose fortifications had been rebuilt because the metropolis had fallen to Maximin Daia so simply some ten years in the past. Hurriedly mobilizing to fulfill this new risk, Constantine despatched phrase for Crispus and Dacius to deliver as most of the common legions from Gaul as could possibly be spared, leaving Crocus with a small pressure to parry any assault throughout the Rhine by the ever watchful Germanic tribes. From Italy, he additionally introduced the legions ordinarily stationed there, including them to his

Hardbitten veterans

Military of Illyricum, a pressure of hardbitten veterans of the marketing campaign towards the Goths.

It was a heat June day when Crispus and Dacius, on the head of a small however seasoned military from Gaul, marched into the camp on the plains earlier than town of Hadrianopolis, the place Licinius had chosen to make his stand. Constantine greeted the 2 warmly and led them to a hill overlooking the realm the place the essential battle would quickly be fought.

Emperor Licinius is destroyed

‘”There might be no peace, Dominus, till Emperor Licinius is destroyed and also you rule the world,” Adrian mentioned. “He has been seized by an assault of ambition the identical illness that killed all of the others.”

“I’ve tried to enhance the lot of the folks as a substitute of constructing a fantastic military to impose my will on all, so it is going to be an extended battle in opposition to nice odds,” Constantine mentioned soberly. “See that the labarum goes earlier than you on the march, Dacius.”

The previous soldier nodded. “I can even sacrifice to Jupiter and Apollo. We want the favor of all of the gods we are able to persuade to assist

Two weeks later, Bassianus stood in chains earlier than Constantine at Milan. Rome had been thrown right into a turmoil by the sudden arrest and, looking for to save lots of themselves, informers by the rating had come to Adrian, implicating others within the plot to kill Constantine and seize management of the Prefecture of Italy and Rome within the identify of Licinius, who would then have grow to be sole Emperor, with Bassianus as his deputy. From his throne, Constantine regarded down on the offender, a lot as he may look at a worm earlier than crushing it underneath his heel. The viewers chamber was crammed with nobles of the court docket at Milan, together with Constantine’s private chamberlain, for he wished the destiny of Bassianus to grow to be a lesson to all.

“Learn the letters,” he instructed the clerk, with out even talking on to the offender.

The clerk opened the scrolls, nonetheless marked by the wax seal of Licinius, and commenced to learn. They weren’t lengthy, however they established past doubt the guilt of the prisoner and his brother Senecio in an elaborate plan to grab the federal government and purchase off the military as had been completed many instances earlier than with gold furnished by Licinius.

“I took you into my family and made you Caesar, subsequent in rank under myself, Bassianus,” Constantine mentioned, when the studying was completed. “Why did you betray me?”

“The Empire needs to be ruled by these whose blood entitles them to rule the Senate and the noblemen.” A half sneer was on Bassianus’ skinny lips and his voice was proud, even haughty. “You will have already polluted the Senate with folks from all walks of life, widespread males with no for the excessive workplace. I want to hold Rome as capital of the Empire and maintain the facility the place it belongs, within the palms of males whose noble beginning qualify them greatest to control.”

Late government of France

The primary a part of these papers was written a while since; that which is political, about two years in the past, on my return to my native nation; but it surely was not then aligned for the press. It might be objected, that there are issues in it which ought to not be made public, because it com trains info which can profit our enemies; I allover that they being in possession of the vie info which the late authorities of France had procured, there’s nothing important on this guide which shall be new to them; nor had even that authorities, at any time, so many spies, or such precise intelligence, because the Listing now have.

With respect to the Greeks, there shall be discovered a lot matter wholly new to the Public, however to not the Listing; for nobody was higher knowledgeable of the Fee of Greece than citizen (heretofore chevalier de) Truguet, recently minister of the marine division. He was for a very long time employed within the Archipelago, below the course of M. de Choisteul Gouflier, and was despatched to Egypt to barter with the Beys for depart to commerce to India by means of that nation, and to countered!; the Ruffian intrigues with them.

Extra advantageous to Britain

I’ve endeavored to show, that the pursuits of Nice Britain and Ruffia are inseparable and reciprocal. This, certainly, has been typically granted; however every time the aggrandizement of tilt empire on the expense of the Turks has been the topic of diffusion, that cafe has typically been thought of as an exception; on what grounds, I shall study, and, I hope, plainly show that the expulsion of the Turks from Europe, and the re-establishment of the Greek empire, can be extra advantageous to Britain than even to Ruffia itself; that so removed from being an usurpation, it’s an act of justice ; and that, in accordance with the legal guidelines of countries, the Turks haven’t, by size of possession, acquired a proper to the dominion of the international locations they conquered.

The significance of the alliance of Ruffia seems day-after-day extra strongly, and I rife now a lot lower than I did a number of years in the past, when maintained that the salvation of Europe relied on participating that energy as a principal within the warfare. The views of the French with regard to Greece now too plainly seem, and the Emperor of Ruffia is at risk of being attacked within the Black Sea by a French avenue.

REB ISRAEL OSHER THE CAP MAKER

Whereas all provide blessings over the schnapps, Mike just isn’t neglected. That is his toast: “Right here is to Hitler. Might he bust this coming 12 months and should even the worms refuse to eat him.”

Mike touches a painful chord. All of the sorrow and grief of our struggling individuals are expressed on the faces of the few current.

Simon Wolff suggests, “Since our president is absent at the moment I would be the host and ask you to drink lechayim to the well being of our rabbi.”

A number of extra drinks and there are dancing, singing, and crying.

The policeman on the nook, conversant in Jewish life, to whom many of the residents of the neighborhood are identified, just isn’t stunned when he sees Simon Wolff staggering backward and forward, singing weepingly, and being helped alongside by Nathan Chavkin, who cries even louder than Wolff.

The policeman remarks, “My Irish mom of blessed reminiscence at all times stated the Jews and the Irish have their kidneys subsequent to their eyes, however by golly solely the Jews can dance and cry on the similar time.”

OLD WORLD

I KNEW THEM

REB ISRAEL OSHER, THE CAP MAKER

HIS white, alabaster face, black beard, and dreamy eyes made you neglect that his palms produced caps. For he reminded you of one in all our sages of previous. After he had fitted his buyer with a cap and stated, “Put on it in good well being,” you felt that God above had joined his blessing.

YEKE, THE TAILOR

On week days he sewed clothes for the peasants who lived close to our little city. Evenings he can be discovered within the synagogue, listening to the dialogue of talmudists, although he himself lacked information of the Talmud. As a matter of truth, he dressed like a talmudist and his Sabbath clothes had been finer than these of our rabbi.

He by no means left the synagogue till the congregation had partaken of his field of snuff.

When a cantor got here to strive for a place, Yeke had his say and his opinion was listened to.

On the Sabbath Day one who met Yeke wouldn’t consider that each one week lengthy he was busy making clothes for peasants.

Restaurant knows Moses from former years

He has been lucky sufficient to discover a modest room with a few of unsere menshen, and he will get his meals at a strictly kosher restaurant on the seashore.

As a matter of reality, the proprietor of the restaurant is aware of Moses from former years, and is conscious of his current materials situation. So he expenses him by the week—one thing which isn’t frequent on this heat seasonal metropolis the place enterprise has a chilly facet.

Moses is undecided the place to spend Pesach, which is however two days away.

The proprietor of the restaurant, to Moses’ shock, asks him whether or not he has been invited for the seder by one of many members of the congregation wherein he’s energetic.

As a matter of reality, Lurya has had a couple of invites from pleasant “natives.” Nonetheless, he has informed all of them that he’ll determine in a couple of days.

Plainly many of the invites carry with them an perspective of pity. That is one thing that the delicate nature of Moses Lurya can’t bear.

The breezy wind subsides and Moses Lurya opens his drained eyes and gazes on the sea.

He instantly reminds himself of the biblical story of the Youngsters of Israel going forth out of Egypt below the management of Moses.

Pink Sea pursued by the Egyptians

He photos to himself the newly-freed slaves coming to the shores of the Pink Sea pursued by the Egyptians. He can nearly hear Moses commanding the Jews to proceed into the ocean. And the Pink Sea elements, and between partitions of water they cross. When the Egyptians comply with, the waters cowl them over and they’re drowned.

He can hear the voices of Israel singing songs of reward to the Lord of Hosts who has rescued them from their enemies and the voice of God thundering from Heaven:

“Moses, Moses, how will you allow your followers to sing praises to Me when the works of My hand—

It grows colder and he rises from the bench and walks in direction of the guts of the town the place the partitions shelter him from the chilly wind.

As he walks, two issues disturb him and maintain operating by way of his thoughts. Whose invitation ought to he settle for for the seder night time, and the way tall had been the partitions of the Pink Sea when the Youngsters of Israel handed between them?

A NIGHT ON THE ROOF

(Recollections of Early Immigrant Days)

To Inform the reality I didn’t have a lot of a need to exit on the roof to sleep. However the little fellows wouldn’t let me relaxation. I struggled and fought with them however they lastly conquered.

I knew all of the tenants and I discovered them on the roof.

It was but fairly early. Many sat huddled collectively like a band of gypsies, buzzing common ditties. Others had been already mendacity stretched out and yawning in an effort to go to sleep.

I lay down close to the chimney, the place garments, hanging to dry, enshrouded me. I needed to be on my own. I needed to look intently on the moon and ask for a greeting from these far-off fields of inexperienced grass, from the crystal clear little stream—whether or not or not it nonetheless ran and foamed as of yore—from these broad valleys and excessive hills. I needed to ask it right here on the roof the place tin and bricks served as bedding.

On the roof issues grew energetic. Homosexual lads hilariously sang a well-known melody, after which had chortle over it. Istanbul private tours, Ladies applauded and known as for an encore; and my unhappy ideas pale away.

“Hey, gang, fall asleep! It’s previous time already. You’re all workingmen, as I dwell,” a hoarse voice pleaded.

“Hey, Jack! You don’t need to rise up within the morning!” cried one other voice.

“It’s little pleasure I’ve. I want I did need to rise up,” Jack responded. “My mom asks for cash, however there isn’t any to ship. Sure, it’s no pleasure to not have work in Columbus’s medinah.”

Neglect his mom

“Now there’s a trustworthy little one for you; he doesn’t neglect his mom,” Mrs. Ginsberg known as out earnestly. “Take an instance from him, you scoundrels! You’re Socialisten. You’re traefnackes, bums and tramps, and neglect your fathers, moms; and even to say a Jewish phrase you neglect; however Jake can be a trustworthy boy. He doesn’t neglect his mom. Might God assist him for that!”

“Gang, who will recite Kaddish to shut Mrs. Ginsberg’s sermon?” somebody cried out.

Robert Levy, a younger buyer peddler, who prided himself on his black moustache and fancy spectacles, instantly interrupted.

“Mr. Poopkinson! Did you hear what occurred in the home subsequent door? A toddler, a mamzer of 13, needed to stab his father.”

“When? As we speak? Within the subsequent home?” a number of voices known as out.

Sure, as we speak! And never into the home did he try to stay his knife, however into his fathers throat.”

Bronze Age levels at Beycesultan

One thing has already been stated in a earlier chapter about our excavations within the Bronze Age ranges at Beycesultan. Now we have described one large, “half timber” constructing; a residential palace over 2 hundred toes sq. and administrative buildings overlaying an space of virtually two and 1 / 4 acres, which we took to show that in truth, throughout the Center Bronze Age, the walled metropolis at Beycesultan was a state capital of Arzawa. However what’s extra related for the second to the facet of mound excavation which we’re contemplating is the way during which we contrived to make this mound a stratigraphical key to the entire prehistory of western Anatolia.

For, beneath the Center Bronze Age public buildings we reduce a large sounding by the sooner occupations right down to an earliest settlement on the clear earth beneath, As we descended stage by stage, one noticed how eventually the amorphous proof offered by Mellaart’s west Anatolian survey was crystallising into an articulate sample, based mostly on this new chronological sequence. Not solely had been we figuring out successive occupations of the mound and noting their traits, however for every occupation a prepared made distribution map might now be provided, exhibiting the geographical extent and character of the fabric tradition which corresponded to it. In truth one could declare tours Bulgaria that the report on this sounding is in a way distinctive.1 For, along with an unusually detailed report of the ceramic sequence all through the third and fourth millennia B.C., ten maps are printed, exhibiting the distribution of every class of pottery at any one of many main chronological durations.

Prehistoric sounding at Beycesultan

However this prehistoric sounding at Beycesultan can be attention-grabbing within the current context for the illustrations which it supplies of eccentricities in mound formation. Allow us to first think about the curious form into which it developed. The town seems to have stood on the crossing of an necessary freeway over the Meander river; or moderately over a department of that river which is now dry. In an air photograph the traditional river mattress can clearly be seen winding across the foot of the mound on the south east aspect. So the hill itself, which stands seventy 5 toes excessive, has two separate summits and a saddle between, over which a cart monitor nonetheless passes. Our sounding at first took the type of a 15 foot trench reduce into the japanese flank of the west summit, going through in direction of the central melancholy. Because it grew deeper, an eastward extension was made within the type of a really slim passage by which the earth might be extracted in wheelbarrows.

Homeric poems and the Trojan war

The private high quality which immortalised his identify was the religious and childlike religion with which, despite all ridicule, he clung to an precise historic basis for the Homeric poems and the Trojan struggle. And this was ultimately victorious over the accrued scepticism of these extra erudite than himself.”

It isn’t then our objective right here to ridicule Schliemann’s strategies nor to lament the catastrophe which entrusted the primary stratified excavation in archaeological historical past to the palms of an “absolute newbie”. Our curiosity will probably be focussed on the precise mound referred to as Hissarlik and the deductions which both have or haven’t been created from its excavation.

However earlier than discussing these, it might be effectively to summarise very briefly the precise sequence of archaeological operations which have taken place at Troy in the course of the previous ninety years or so. Beginning in 1870, Schliemann labored there by himself intermittently till 1878. In 1873, when the remoted pits he had been making started to create a state of affairs of not possible confusion, he set about digging his well-known “Nice Northern Trench”, which lower clear throughout the summit of the mound. Stratum after stratum of constructing stays appeared, a few of them bearing apparent indications of destruction by hearth, however there appeared to be nothing which may very well be satisfactorily remoted and recognized as Homeric Troy. Seeking some extra tangible outcome, he carried the ditch down by means of the complete fifty ft of occupational deposit till he reached the naked rock beneath.

Earliest settlement

And right here, as a result of he couldn’t go any additional, he recorded the somewhat poorly constructed partitions of the earliest settlement, now often known as Troy la. From an architectural viewpoint, that was about all that he did report. It was not till he prolonged the ditch laterally to the west that the well-known gold treasures got here to mild, which led him to establish the stays of an Early Bronze Age settlement as “Priam’s Dion”. And for sure, this chronological error of about one thousand years was a superb deal much less ridiculous within the eighteen seventies than it might be in the present day.

In Europe in the meantime, criticisms of his strategies had turn into somewhat widespread, and the place the provenance of his finds was involved there started to be some reluctance to just accept his personal unsupported testimony. From 1878 onwards subsequently, he willingly accepted the collaboration, first of the 2 German students, Virchow and Bumouf, and later of Dorpfeld, who himself continued the excavations for 4 years after Schhemann’s dying in 1890.

Grave political events

The altered regime of the financial institution as settled by the brand new statutes was inaugurated oh September 1st, 1885, however in consequence of grave political occasions of the interval, the union between Northern and Southern Bulgaria and the Servo Bulgarian struggle, the financial institution didn’t correctly start all of the transactions which the brand new statutes had sanctioned till February 1886. The political state of affairs, thankfully, improved in a short time, and, the nation having resumed its regular existence, commerce and business entered on a interval of growth and progress. The industrial relations of the nation with different states acquired a particular significance, and this circumstance significantly elevated the demand for credit score.

 Modest means allowed

The financial institution did all that its modest means allowed to second the efforts of the industrial and industrial a part of the neighborhood. Quickly, nevertheless, the capital of the financial institution grew to become manifestly inadequate. So as to not fail within the process which it had undertaken, the financial institution procured overseas capital, which was the extra readily superior because the curiosity which the financial institution provided to pay was comparatively a excessive one (7 p.c. on deposits for a interval of ^at the very least 5 years). Then again, the arrogance with which the financial institution, as a State establishment, impressed the inhabitants enabled it to increase the problem of banknotes. On account of the regulation of 1886, the financial institution contracted with the Deutsche Financial institution of Berlin a mortgage which was assured by the emission of mortgage choice shares to the nominal sum of 10,000,000 francs. An additional difficulty of comparable choice shares for the nominal worth of 10,000,000 francs adopted in 1893.

Supplied with an elevated capital, the financial institution rapidly developed its discounting transactions, and rendered nice help to the departments and communes, in addition to to personal individuals, by advancing them loans on mortgage. Thanks to those mortgage loans, a large number of our cities have been reorganised and their hygienic situations improved.

In proportion as its operations developed, the progress of the financial institution grew steadier. It positioned its capital on the disposal of the industrial and industrial sections of the inhabitants, and thus rendered them inestimable companies. Owing to its highly effective safety, lots of the industrial, industrial and banking institutions have been began which, of their flip, contributed a lot to the economical growth of the Principality.

The next tables comprise a abstract of the operations of the Bulgarian Nationwide Financial institution since its reorganisation in 1885 till 1904.

Capital

Reserve fund Financial institution notes in circulation Time period deposits Mortgage choice inventory Money at financial institution

Portfolio

“departments Loans communes agricultural banks Mortgage loans Particular present accounts Web earnings Complete of transactions ..

1885      I89O

IN           1895

THOUSANDS     1900 OF FRANCS.            1904

6,073     9,120     9,120     9,120     9,120

—           1,086     three,zero23     three,731     four,393

213         1,957     1,680     21,826   40,217

644         13,575   39,790   60,715   59,725

—           three,757     19,423   18,192   16,904

three,658     four,597     6,400     13,259   19,722

four,249     7,05i      17,850   23,060   24,313

three,775     9,637     19,307   16,455   19,485

53           12,156   24,516   32,787   29,377

158         2,805     9,563     16,761   12,963

65a         1,000     1,491     1,418     2,528

164,281                540,364                1,225,312            1,506,181             1,928,371

 

BULGARIA ART EXHIBITIONS

The gradual and painful progress of creative life in Bulgaria, and the gradual spreading of creative style among the many Bulgarian public, can be finest seen from a quick survey of the historical past of artwork exhibitions in Bulgaria.

The primary artwork exhibition was organised in 1887 by Ivan Angeloff, trainer within the Gymnasium of Sofia and a graduate of the Munich Academy of Positive Arts. This exhibition, which contained three footage painted in Bulgaria and various sketches and research courting from the artist’s pupil days in Munich, in addition to drawings by college students of the Gymnasium, was held in one of many drawingrooms of the Gymnasium in honour of the Prince, who had lately been elected to the Bulgarian throne. In addition to the royal go to, the exhibition solely attracted the eye of some private associates of the artist.

Some 5 years later, on the event of the primary Bulgarian Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition, held in Plovdiv in 1892, the primary collective artwork exhibition was organised, the productions of the varied Bulgarian artists, practically all of whom have been lecturers within the gymnasium, being exhibited. The part of the exhibition during which, apart from the above artists, Bulgarian college students of portray and sculpture within the international artwork academies additionally participated, attracted so little consideration that no printed catalogue of the work exhibited was ever issued. The one Bulgarian newspaper which seen it was Bal kanska Zora, the place an extended article appeared beneath the preliminary Bbulgaria vacation M., behind which in all probability was hidden some Bulgarian artist who was himself participating within the exhibition. Even the organ of the administration of the exhibition, the thing of which throughout its two years’ publication was to tell the general public in regards to the progress of the exhibition and to acquaint it with the objects collected, makes no point out of the part the place for the primary time the works of the Bulgarian artists had been introduced collectively. All that it accommodates on the topic is a quick discover coping with the image of Holarek, ” the Return of the Bulgarian Prisoners blinded by Basil I., 1014.”

This primary exhibition of Bulgarian artwork, which didn’t solely deserve the neglect with which it was handled, was adopted in 1894 by one other—the primary unbiased artwork exhibition consisting of productions by members and nonmembers of the Affiliation for Encouraging the Positive Arts in Bulgaria. This exhibition, as additionally these which adopted in 1897, 1898, and 1899, was organised with the cooperation and the pecuniary help of the Authorities.

The primary collective artwork exhibition with none ethical or materials help from the Authorities was that organised by the Society of Modem Artwork, and held in 1904. This society, which was shaped in 1903, has proven from the very first, and continues to indicate, an incredible, virtually feverish exercise. It has already organised, at its personal danger and with its non-public assets, three exhibitions of the productions of all its members, and 7 exhibitions of images by particular person members. In addition to, the Society of Modem Artwork, as additionally the Society of Bulgarian Artists, took half within the first Southern Slav Artwork Exhibition, which was held in Belgrade in 1904, whereas throughout the months of August and September, 1906, it organised the second Southern Slav Artwork Exhibition in Sofia. On this final event the Society of Modem Artwork was helped by the State, each morally and materially.

Inventive curiosity and style in Bulgaria

With the awakening and growth of creative curiosity and style in Bulgaria, the ethical success of Bulgarian artwork was assured, and materials encouragement and prosperity weren’t gradual to comply with. This final was to some extent true even of the earliest exhibition, that organised by Ivan Angeloff, solely the customer then was not a Bulgarian, however a foreigner, a Slav, who had been captivated by the real Bulgarian topics of images like that of the “ Ruins of St. Sophia ” and the views of the village of Slivnitza, and of Sofia because it appeared in its Turkish character, earlier than the brand new planning of the city had been carried into impact.

 

The present version

Gount Villiers de l`Isle Adam, bom in Brittany in 1838, led an odd life. “Born with out common will-power,” says Huneker, “besides the desire to think about stunning and unusual issues, all his years he fought the contending impulses of his twin nature.”

He was the very mannequin of a bohemian. His unusual tales, the most effective of that are collected underneath the title Merciless Tales, are improbable prose poems within the method of Poe. The Torture of Hope, based on Huneker, remembers Poe at his finest.

The current model, anonymously translated, is reprinted from an American assortment of tales, not dated. It’s from the amount of Merciless Tales.

The Torture of Hope

A few years in the past, as night was closing in, the venerable Pedro Arbuez d`Espila, sixth prior of the Dominicans of Segovia, and third Grand Inquisitor of Spain, adopted by a fra redemptor, and pre¬ceded by two familiars of the Holy Workplace, the latter carrying lanterns, made their solution to a subterranean dungeon.

The bolt of a large door creaked, and so they entered a mephitic in tempo, the place the dim gentle re¬vealed between rings fixed to the wall a bloodstained rack, a brazier and a jug. On a pile of straw, loaded with fetters and his neck encircled by an iron carcan, sat a haggard man, of unsure age, clothed in rags.

This prisoner was no apart from Rabbi Aser Abarbanel, a Jew of Aragon, who—accused of usury and pitiless scorn for the poor—had been every day subjected to torture for greater than a 12 months. But “his blind¬ness was as dense as his disguise,” and he had refused to abjure his religion.

Pleased with a filiation courting again 1000’s of years, happy with his an¬cestors—for all Jews worthy of the title are useless of their blood—he descended Talmudically fromOthoniel and consequently fromlpsiboa, the spouse of the final choose of Israel, a circumstance which had sustained his braveness amid incessant torture. With tears in his eyes on the considered this resolute soul rejecting salvation, the venerable Pedro Arbuez d`Espila, approaching the shuddering rabbi, addressed him as follows:

“My son, rejoice: your trials right here beneath are about to finish. If within the presence of such obstinacy I used to be compelled to allow, with deep remorse, using nice severity, my activity of fraternal correction has its limits. You’re the fig tree which, having failed so many occasions to bear fruit, eventually withered, however God alone can choose your soul.

Magadha loved an advantageous geographical place

Mauryas is just like the march, of the Iranian empire throughout the identical interval. The formation of die largest state in India throughout this era was the work of a number of enterprising and impressive rulers such’ as Bimbisara, Ajatasatru and Mahapadma Nanda. They employed all means, honest and foul, at their disposal to enlarge then kingdoms and to strengthen their states.’ However this was not the one ^motive for the enlargement of Magadha.

Thera have been another essential elements. Magadha loved an advantageous geographical place within the age of iron,, as a result of the richest iron deposits have been located not distant from Rajgir, the earliest capita) of Magadha The prepared availability of the^ wealthy iron ores within the neighbourhood enabled thi Magadhan princes to equip themselves with etlective weapons, which weren’t simply out there to their rivals. Iron mines are additionally present in japanese Madhya Pradesh, and weren’t removed from the’ kingdom of the Avantis with their capital at Ujjain. Round 500 B.C. iron was sure^ cast, and smelted in Ujjain, and possibly the smiths manufactured weapons of fine high quality. On account of this ‘Avanti proved to Be probably the most severe competitor of Magadha for the supremacy of north India, and Magadha took a couple of hundred years to subjugate Ujjain.

Magadha loved sure different benefits the 2 capitals

Magadha loved sure different benefits the 2 capitals of Magadha, the primary at Rajgir and the second at Pataliputra, have been located at very strategic factors. Ranger was surrounded by a gaggle of 5 hills, and so it was rendered impregnable in these days when there have been no simple technique of storming citadels ^uch as cannons which got here to be invented a lot later. Within the fifth century the Magadhan princes shifted their capital from Rajgir to Pataliputra, which occu-pied a-pivotal place commanding communications on all sides.

Pataliputra was located i on the confluence of the Ganga, the Gandak and the Son, and a fourth river referred to as the Sarayu joined the Ganga not removed from Pataliputra. in pre-industriai days, when communications have been tough the military may transfer north, west, south and east by observe mg the programs of the rivets 1 urther, the place of Patna itself was rendeiecf invulnerable due to its being sunounded by rivers on virtually all sides. Whereas the Son and the Ganga surrounded it on the north and west, the Poonpun surrounded it on the south and east. Pataliputra due to this fact was a trtie water-fort (jaladurga), and it was not simple to seize this city in these days.

 

 

SOCIETIES, SCHOOLS OF PAINTING, ARTISTS

THE artists of Bulgaria, foreign settlers included, are grouped into two societies : the Society of Bulgarian Artists, and the Society of Modem Art. These two societies live in perpetual strife with one another, each denying the right of existence to its rival, and extolling its own merits at the expense of its opponent. The truth, however, is that both of them have rendered appreciable services to art in Bulgaria.

The Society of Bulgarian Artists, which was originally known as the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Art in Bulgaria, comprised, before the foundation of the Society of Modem Art, not only all the artists in Bulgaria, but also a considerable proportion of the drawingmasters. With the pecuniary and moral support of the Government, it organised between 1894 and 1899 four exhibitions of the productions of the Bulgarian artists.

Then followed seven years of inactivity, broken in 1906 by another exhibition to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the School of Painting in Sofia. The merits of this society consist not only in organising these exhibitions, interceding with the Government, and obtaining orders for pictures or icons destined for various churches or other State institutions, but also, and mainly, in the initiative taken by it, on the suggestion of the Bulgarian Prince, which led to the founding of the first State School of Painting.

Conversation with the artist Ivan Angeloff

In 1887 the Prince, in a conversation with the artist Ivan Angeloff, who had organised in the Prince’s honour an exhibition of his works, expressed readiness to take under his patronage a School of Arts, provided the idea of opening such a school found acceptance with the Government and the nation. Angeloff communicated this to the wellknown Bulgarian writer, politician and artist, Constantin Velitchkoff, who at that time was living in Rome as a political exile. In 1894 Velitchkoff returned to Bulgaria, and shortly afterwards became Minister of Public Instruction and honorary president of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Art in Sofia private tour Bulgaria. The president of the Society, Dr. Schishmanoff, together with two of its members, Ivan Markvitchka and Anton Mitoff, had meanwhile been studying the practical side of the question of opening a school of painting, and solicited the cooperation of the new minister. In 1895 the National Assembly passed a law creating a State school of painting in Sofia, which was opened in October 1896.

The object of the school was to prepare (a) students of plastic and fine arts; (b) teachers of paintiDg, drawing, caligraphy, and manual work in the gymnastic and special schools; (c) artists for the various art industries (iconpainting, woodcarving, decorative art, ceramics, weaving, goldsmith’s work, etc.). In accordance with this object, the following subjects were taught during the year 19056 : drawing from plaster models (class of Klissouroff), drawing from nature (class of Ivan Angeloff), painting (class of Ivan Markvitchka), sculpture (class of Yetcho Spiridonoff), decorative arts (class of Boris Mihailoff), woodcarving (class of Ivan Travnitzki), weaving and lacemaking (class of Tereza Holekova), ceramics (class of Stephan Dimitroff), lithography (class of Joseph Silaba), history of art, perspective, anatomy, architecture, etc. During that same year the State School of Painting had 126 students, of whom 100 were men and 26 women.

 

Turko-Servian War

The Bulgars took little or no part in the Turko-Servian War in 1875 ; but when the war ended in the virtual emancipation of the Serbs, the time had manifestly come when it was incumbent upon their neighbours to take action which might force the hand of the Czar, and thus necessitate Muscovite intervention. The whole story of the abortive Bulgarian rising in 1S76 is singularly obscure. What its intrinsic importance was, who were its leaders and instigators, and what, if any, was the programme of the insurgents, are all matters on which it is difficult to express any definite opinion.

The one thing certain is that the rising was suppressed by the Turks with relentless severity. That it must have been so suppressed is evident priori to any one acquainted with the Eastern system of administration. So long as the Giaour pays his taxes and respects the authority of Islam, he is allowed to do pretty much what he likes in other respects; but, if he rises in rebellion against his rulers, the hand of his lord and master comes down with overwhelming force. Not to strike without necessity, but when you have to strike, to strike a knock-down blow, such is the principle of Oriental statesmanship. Less than a score of years ago, a village near Keneh, where English tourists now make halt daily during the Nile season, rose in insurrection against the authority of the then Khedive, partly in resentment of excessive taxation, partly in deference to religious fanaticism.

Local Mahdi

A local Mahdi had taken it into his head to preach the duty of returning to the true faith of Islam, had denounced Ismail Pasha as one who consorted with infidels, and had exhorted the faithful to refuse obedience to the officials of the Government The appeal met with some response, and next time the tax collectors appeared at the village they were driven away with violence. On learning this, the Khedive sent down a body of troops under orders to surround the village with a cordon, and to kill every man, woman, child, and living thing within the precincts. The order was carried out literally, and no more was ever heard of the Keneh Mahdi or of the Keneh insurrection.

And, what is more, I could never discover that this wholesale massacre offended in any way such public opinion as exists in Egypt It was only the regular way in which insurrections had always been dealt with; and, after all, it achieved its purpose. If the Turks act in this fashion towards men of their own faith, it is only natural they should have, if possible, still less scruple in inflicting condign punishment on rebellious subjects belonging to an alien race and a hostile creed. I have not, therefore, the slightest doubt in my own mind that the insurrection in Bulgaria was put down by the Turks in a fashion utterly inconsistent with our ideas of law and justice, not to mention humanity.

But whether there were fifteen thousand, or fifteen hundred, or one hundred and fifty Bulgarians killed, or which of the various atrocities alleged to have been perpetrated had any foundation in fact, I have no idea myself, nor have I met with anyone who could give me reliable information on the point I have seen enough of Eastern countries to entertain the utmost distrust of any specific statement of fact with regard to occurrences which are alleged to have taken place there, no matter on what authority the statement may be based.

We at home are too well acquainted with Mr. Gladstone’s utter incapacity to see more than one side of any question, to repose implicit confidence upon the evidence on which he founded his famous indictment of the Bulgarian atrocities. Still Mr. Gladstone’s pamphlet served its purpose; and undoubtedly the Anti-Turkish demonstration, led by Mr. Gladstone, encouraged the Russians in the mistaken belief that England would acquiesce in any fresh aggression against Turkey, and thereby contributed directly to the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War.

 

Days Janissaries

It was at the corner of a street, its gate wide opened, and there was only one big old tree in the garden. The others must have died of old age, and the owner must have been too poor to replace them.

The road we followed was dusty and almost deserted, with deep furrows left by chariots, carts and carriages since the beginning of time. In winter the rain and the snow turned the soft, pinkish Anatolian soil into a greasy mud. And every winter, ever since the days of the Janissaries, chariots, carts and carriages had passed on these roads, furrowing always deeper. One felt as if the clock of time had stopped here years ago. An acute sense of the living past permeated everything.

On our way my wife asked me to tell her something of my aunt’s family. Our surroundings reminded me of old stories, and I told her the story as told to us by my grandmother when we were tiny little boys. I used to love it as it opened before my mind vast visions of heroic ages. “Centuries ago,” I told my wife, “There lived a young man, almost a boy, in the faraway mountains of Anatolia, bordering the snow-covered peaks of the Caucasus.

Almighty heard

He was tall and handsome but did not marry because he had to support his old father and mother who were so old and so poor that they could only sit on their divans all day and pray the Almighty to call them back to him so that their boy might be left free of worries and responsibilities. But they were good parents and the boy was a good son. Therefore, the Almighty heard their prayer and freed their son of all worries, but not in the way the old people had prayed for. It so happened that the “Frank” kings of Hungary, Servia and Bulgaria declared war on our powerful Sultan and invaded his domains. To repulse the invaders our Sultan called all his brave subjects under arms.

They flocked from all over to the standard of their emperor. The young boy from the Anatolian mountains near the Caucasus heard his sovereign’s call and answered it immediately. But he was so far away that when he came to Adrianople, which was at that time the capital of the Sultan, he found that the armies had left many days before to meet the detested foes. He galloped post haste through the Balkans, days and nights without rest until he finally reached the plains of Kosovo.

Deductive reasoning

Both his technical procedure and the pattern of his subsequent deductive reasoning will be governed by a constant and unvarying code of rules, applicable only to this form of excavation. Equally it can be maintained that many of these rules are inapplicable elsewhere, and, what is more important, that technical precepts which have rightly come to be indispensable in other forms of excavating, may prove totally unsuitable to this very specialized form of practice.

If one may be more explicit: to suppose that a graduate in archaeology, because he has experience of excavating an Iron Age farm on Salisbury Plain or a Roman villa in Tuscany, is thereby equipped to tackle a Mesopotamian mound, is to court disaster of the sort which even the most verbose archaeological report can never quite adequately disguise.

Now, in expressing this opinion, one is immediately conscious of venturing upon controversial ground; for, in the slightly parochial world of

British archaeological technicians, there is a school of thought which maintains the exact opposite. At present, this includes some who are both great scholars and great excavators; giants of the archaeological profession, whose opinions can never safely be ignored. But in almost every case, their early training has been in the field of Roman Britain.

Their central loyalty has always been to the code of ethics and procedure created at the end of the last century by General Pitt Rivers; and the theme of their teaching was the rigid discipline in archaeological practice, which they themselves have done so much to perfect. Their influence on the training of potential field workers in this country has been prodigiously effective, and there is little in their teaching, which one does not admire.

Whole ritual of method

In my own mind the only doubt, which arises, is when they maintain that the whole ritual of method or as one might call it, the “procedural liturgy” which they have advocated, can be applied wholesale to any excavation in any part of the world.

However, already it will have become evident that the primary purpose of the chapters, which follow, will be to make this point clear, by summarizing the conclusions to be drawn from thirty years practical experience of mound excavation. Their intention in fact is to prove that this is a specialized form of archaeology, which requires specialized training.

First, therefore, it will be necessary to present what seem to be the most relevant facts regarding the anatomical character of mounds in general. After that, it should be possible to illustrate some of the peculiarities, which emerge, and the problems, which they present, by practical instances from actual excavations. In addition, in attempting this, it may be logical and even desirable to restrict myself for the most part to excavations, which I myself have directed or with which I have been in close contact.

 

Kara George would have been completely successful

Immediately connected with this, was the second resolution ; which involved a complete reformation of the Senate. Its judicial and administrative functions were separated. For the former, a Supreme Court of Justice was instituted, to be composed of the less important Sowietniks ; the latter, on the contrary, were to be entrusted to the most influential men, in the form of a Ministry.

They were to be designated Administrators   Popet  schiteli: the first, of “War; the second, of Justice; the third, of Foreign Affairs ; and so on for Ecclesiastical Affairs, the Home Department, and Finance. The intention was that, besides Mladen, Knes Sima Markowitsch, and Dosithei Obradowitsch, who were all declared adherents of Kara George, Jacob Xena  dowitsch, Milenko, and Peter Dobrinjaz, should also be employed in these Ministerial duties.

By thq first resolution, the greater part of the power which the Gospodars had hitherto held was taken from them : they were disengaged, as it were, from their respec tive districts. By the second, an office was found for them beyond the influence of their former relations : an office which, in fact, left them little independent power; as the chief appointment  the Ministry of War was placed in the hands of Mladen. Ilad they assented to this, Kara George would have been completely successful. Precau tionary measures, however, had been taken, in the event of their non compliance: a la^v had been passed in the Diet, that resistance to these resolutions should be punished by exile.

All this having been concluded, the Commander  in chief made the Woiwodes swear that they would obey him; and only him. At his command they then separated, and each at once repaired to his own district.

Such was the state of affairs, when Milenko and Peter, accompanied by the Russian regiment, at length arrived at Belgrade. Unquestionably they were still in a position to offer resistance. Could they but continue united, their combined authority would yet be of great weight. On their side was the Ileyduc Weliko, to whom all rule was irksome; and who, since the preceding year, had held himself in a position of obstinate isolation. So many complaints, of acts of violence and manifold crimes committed by him, had been brought before the Diet of that year, that it was intended to imprison him in some fortress. He assembled his Momkes, and said: “ When I came here, 1 thought I should bo asked how many wounds I had received ? how many brave companions I had lost ? how many horses had been killed under me?

But they ask   how many girls I have kissed! Come ! let us depart.” lie now appeared by the side of the other Gospodars at Belgrade, with seventy resolute com panions  Bekjares, so far as they were paid by him ; Momkes, so far as they were bound to him by personal obligations   who were ready for any enterprise. The Gospodars had also a strong faction in the town; and were altogether in a position to undertake something serious. But already was their unity destroyed and their power lessened by several losses.

Milan, on whom they could reckon unconditionally, had fallen ill at Bucharest, not long after Lasar Woinowitsch had returned to him, and he died on the last day of the year 1810. It was asserted by some that he had been removed by poison. But what to them was of greater importance, Jacob Nenadowitscli had now other views : he determined to fill his place in the Senate. Having married his son Efrem to the daughter of Mladen, and joined himself entirely to the party of Kara George ; instead of coming with a numerous troop, he appeared at Belgrade in his sledge, accompanied only by two Momkes. Thus Peter and Milenko alone remained with Weliko.

This legend reminds us the Prophet Abraham

A strange legend; Hermes travels around alone on a nice spring day. He encounters noisy crowd on his way. He comes closer to the crowd and witnesses that a god is about to sacri­fice his own daughter to the gods. Disguised as a mortal Hermes learns about what’s going on there and flies to the sky and then af­ter a while returns back with a rum in his hands. He tells the king that he brought this rum as a sacrifice instead of his daughter for I lie honor of gods to bring an end to the drought lasting for a long time. Seeing Hermes and the rum brought the king feels so happy and kills the rum as a sacrifice instead of his own daughter.

This legend reminds us the Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) sacrificing his son Ismail (Ishmael). Because of this incident, the name of Hermes is “Hermes carrying rum”.

These similarities between the legend we came across in Greek mythology and the events firstly seen in Sumerian Gilgamesh originally, developed later on and illustrated in Christianity and Muslim are a indicator of a continuity.

1. Ares: God of war. Son of Zeus and Hera. He envies the love by his father Zeus for the goddess of war, Athena. He is closer to his mother. Just like his mother, he is mostly irritable. He en­joys breaking out trouble and violence, antagonizing. Not having a great domain Ares was not welcomed in Anatolia.

He is always in conflict with Heracles (Hercules) the local god of Anatolia. He is humiliated in every case by Heracles. He has liaison with Aphrodite. From this liaison Phobos (Defeat) and Deimos (Fear) come into the world. He falls from grace sub­stantially owing to his liaison. Anyway, he is not loved so much. Known as fair, noble, witty Athena is the first one who comes to mind when someone utters the word “war”, so there is no need to another god of war in a sense. Also, the love affair between him and Aphrodite make him fall into contempt completely. Thus, Ares is generally portrayed as being nude. War helmet has been taken from his head and attached to his

Women in Bulgaria

Women in Bulgaria refers to women who live in and are from Bulgaria. Women’s position in Bulgarian society has been influenced by a variety of cultures and ideologies, including the Byzantine and Ottoman cultures, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, communist ideology, and contemporary globalized Western values.

Emancipation

Bulgarian women live in a society that is customarily patriarchal. While Bulgaria is often described as a patriarchal society, women may have substantial authority in household budgeting or agricultural decision making. Both men and women have the right to vote and own property. Despite decades of socialist ideology of gender equality, women are often employed in lower paying jobs, remain responsible for most household chores, and represent more than half the registered unemployed. They also occupy leadership positions less frequently than men. In 1996, fewer than 14 percent of postsocialist parliamentary representatives have been women, and only one in five municipal councilors were women in that year. By 2014, women represented 20.4% of the Parliament.

Voting and government

Limited women’s suffrage was first granted in 1937, and women obtained full voting rights in 1944.[7] During the communist era nevertheless, civil rights and freedoms for both women and men were equal, no matter how limited they were due to the authoritarian nature of the government. In 1945 the first women were elected in parliament. Between 1960-1990 the number of women in parliament varied between 16% and 21% and in 1990 it dropped down to 8.5%. As of 2017, there were 25.8% women in parliament.

Employment

Many women entered paid employment during the socialist era, when an ideology of gender equality was promoted, and they made up nearly half the workforce in the late twentieth century. Women are frequently employed as teachers, nurses, pharmacists, sales clerks, and laborers, and less often involved in management, administration, and technical sciences. Women are also largely responsible for household tasks child care, cooking, cleaning, and shopping. Agricultural labor is divided according to gender, with men working with animals and machinery and women doing more hand labor in crop production, although flexibility exists in response to specific situations.

Despite this, the gender segregation in the workforce is somewhat less pronounced in Bulgaria than in other European countries.

Compared to the European average, Bulgarian women have a higher involvement in traditionally male fields such as science, maths, computing and engineering; and a lower involvement in the service field.

Also, the gender pay gap (in 2013) is 13.0% in Bulgaria, which is lower than the European Union average of 16.2%.[9] As of 2014, the employment rate (age 15-64) for women was 58.2% while for men it was 63.9%.

The employment rate for both sexes has been relatively low during the past two decades, due to hardships experienced by the national economy after the fall of the communism. Nevertheless, the exact involvement in the labour force is quite difficult to determine, due to the presence of the unregulated informal sector. According to World Bank, women in 2014 made up 46.6% of the total labour force, pretty much the same as in 1990 (47.9%).

Bulgarian women’s strong involvement in the economy can be seen in the fact that almost all employed women work full-time – the highest percentage among employed women in the EU. Before the communist era, Bulgaria (like other Eastern European countries) was a largely rural agricultural society, with women being integrated in the rural agricultural work. As such, they occupied a relatively high status in society (although not equal to men). Under the communist regime, the country was industrialized and “modernized”, and people came from rural areas to urban areas. The communist new ideology and economy integrated women in paid employment – in the late 1970s, Bulgaria had the highest percentage of working women in the world.

The importance of the Bulgarian alphabet

Another significant quality of the Old Bulgarian language and the literature of the early medieval period is their closeness to the language spoken by the people. There is no similar closeness between the spoken and the written languages in Byzantium. The situation in Central and Western Europe, where Latin stayed in the church, science and state offices but where, in all other domains, it was replaced by the evolving national languages, was comparable. Thus the artificial literary languages remained without any chance of new, live additions, which was characteristic of the official language spoken by the Bulgarians.

Sometimes the question is posed, and not without reason as to whether the design of the Old Bulgarian script did not distance the country from Latin-writing Europe. The danger that the use of one universal script will hamper the development of the unique national cultures is not valid. The Western Slavs, the peoples of the Germanic and the Romance groups did not lose their cultural individuality until the use of the national languages was established in Europe. The initial universal period left the common core and the closeness of culture which clearly separates the Catholic-Protestant Latin-writing community from the Slavonic-Byzantine community in the East. Yet, the union of Bulgarian culture with the sphere of Byzantine Greek-writing culture was inevitable. At the time of the cultural and state stabilisation of the Bulgarians on the Danube, Byzantium was the leading factor. Bulgaria borrowed from the cultural treasury of Byzantium but also preserved the borrowings in its language using its own code, thus preventing the otherwise unavoidable Greek assimilation, which would have had a greater impact than the moderate Latin assimilation in the West.

The changes in the language of the Bulgarians can be seen during the whole medieval period of the state. It is the natural development bulgaria trips of a living literary language, which develops in synchrony with the phonetic and the morphological changes of its spoken form.

According to written sources, Slavonic peoples from Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe understood each other until the 11th century irrespective of the foreseeable specificity of the tongues. The lack of Bulgarian state organs with normative functions and of written correspondence in the 15th- 19th centuries caused chaotic change stimulated by the Bulgarians’ inner linguistic feeling, which distanced the Modern Bulgarian language from the other Slavonic languages in the following ways:

– Bulgarian is the only language in the Slavonic group which has a post-positioned definite article with nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns and participles;

– Bulgarian is the only language in the Slavonic group which has remained analytical – it has no inflections and cases, only nominative, vocative and, rarely, accusative;

– Bulgarian is the only language in the Slavonic group which forms the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives, of some nouns and verbs with the particles “po” [more] and “nai” [most];

– Bulgarian is the only language in the Slavonic group which has the so-called dual personal pronoun;

– Bulgarian is the only language in the Slavonic group which lacks the non-finite mood (infinitive).

The importance of the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet is marked not only by its place in the spiritual space of medieval Europe, together with the Greek and Latin scripts, but also by its introduction into the system of the European Union (with Bulgaria’s imminent accession).

 

Where to stay in Bulgaria

Bulgaria is not a big country, so there aren’t a whole range of cities to pick from.

The first city you should visit is Sofia, the capital. Sofia isn’t the prettiest city nor is it a particularly pleasant city to be in. In many ways, Sofia reminds of a 2nd or 3rd tier city in Russia or Ukraine. It’s nowhere near the level of sophistication or grandeur of Kiev or Moscow. It’s also nowhere near the prettiness of Baltic capitals such as Riga or Vilnius.

Nevertheless, Sofia is the very best that Bulgaria has to offer, so you have to visit it and see it for yourself.

lovdiv was another city I visited. I spent about a week there, just hanging out, getting some work done, and approaching women. It’s cheaper and slower than Sofia, and maybe even a bit friendlier.

Till, this being Bulgaria it’s not a city that I can see myself living in.

The third and final city where I spent a lot of time in was Burgas on the Black Sea coast. Burgas is a small city with a nice beach, but it’s nowhere near the grandeur of Odessa, Ukraine’s main beach destination.

After about a month of living there, I was pretty done and finished and was ready to move on.

Where you stay will really depend on whether you’re a big city guy, a small city guy or prefer somewhere along the beach. The right approach is to visit all three cities and decide for yourself.

When to visit Bulgaria

Like the rest of Europe, Bulgaria has very hot summers and cold winters. Unlike Ukraine or Russia, Bulgaria is more south so it enjoys much longer summers and relatively mild winters (there’s still plenty of snow).

I had the fortune of experiencing Bulgaria in both winter (Sofia) and summer (Burgas).

During the winter, I experienced heavy snow with the temperatures hovering around -5 – -10 C degrees. During the summer, it was around 30 C, so I spent many days inside air-conditioned malls.

One of the benefits of visiting in winter is that there are much fewer tourists, especially by the coast. But I still don’t know if it’s the right trade-off with the freezing temperatures.

Come to think of it, the summer wasn’t bad at all.

What’s Bulgarian food like?

I don’t usually write this, but I wasn’t terribly impressed with Bulgarian cuisine. Maybe I went to all the wrong restaurants, but my only recollection about Bulgarian food was really bitter cheese, lots of fried food and that’s about it.

As an Eastern European guy, I know that Bulgarian cuisine is great, it’s just I didn’t really experience that.Maybe on my next trip, I will do my research as to where to go in order to have the very best culinary experience in that country.

Final thoughts

Bulgaria was only my second exposure to the Balkans (Serbia was the first).  I definitely need more time on the ground to learn more about this interesting region and its beautiful women.  That should all change this summer when I return there for a longer and more deeper exploration.

The Southeast Of Konya

Our fellow citizens who lived in Anatolia about 10.000 years ago had a “matriarchal” belief system. The most significant settling area of Anatolia at that time was un­doubtedly Catalhoyuk. Catalhoyuk, which is on the borders of Cumra district lying 50 km southeast of Konya, is, in our opinion, the first capital of Anatolia. Together with Catalhoyuk, Hacilar Mound in Burdur is a significant settling area as well. However, Catalhoyuk can be regarded as the most important culture centre in Anatolia of that period and around the world. As for the belief system of glorious Catalhoyuk civilization, it comprises the idea of “Goddess”.

It is necessary to familiarize with Catalhoyuk before dealing with the belief system of Catalhoyuk and man of that time.

Catalhoyuk emerges on the scene of history with the Neolithic period. Anatolian citizens settled at Catalhoyuk amid years of 6.500-5.600 BC. 6.000 people living in about 145.000 square meters territory enlivened this place with their tamed ani­mals. Man of Catalhoyuk first tamed cattle, sheep and goat. He created master of wood, weaving and crockery out of his own bo­som. The houses of these first Anatolians who led a collective and sharing life all together by building up a village had a structure of adjacent order without windows and doors. Entrance and exits of houses were available through the door on the roof thanks to a stepladder.

All in all, people of Catalhoyuk symbolize first models of a re­productive society. They could put cereal and certain wild animals in service of humanity. People of Catalhoyuk, having such a great success, worshipped “Earth Mother”, that is, “Mother Goddess”.

The statuettes we first encounter at Catalhoyuk and Hacilar had big belly, wide hips and busty form. This fertile and bulky Mother Goddess was always protected by the wild animals situ­ated on her right and left side. In fact, there are always leopards near Mother Goddess shown on the throne.

When man of Catalhoyuk dating back 10.000 years ago begins to familiarize himself with the soil he lives on, he learns to cultivate it in the course of time. And he starts to get harvest from the soil. The soil takes a new meaning ever after for man of Catalhoyuk. He begins to show a different respect for this soil. He takes a thousand in return for one. The soil becomes fertile, nutritious and signifies nearly eternal continuity in the eyes of a man of Catalhoyuk. He likens the soil with these characteristics to a fertile woman and starts calling it with the name of “Earth Mother”; that is, “Mother Goddess”.

Catalhoyuk first emerges with the belief of Mother Goddess in Anatolia and all over the world. However, after centuries, ex­pression of “God” will depart from matriarchy and turn into a patriarchal denotation through sky-religions.

Namely, 10.000 years earlier, a man from Catalhoyuk is not aware of his own role in the pregnancy of a woman. In the course of time, a discrepancy emerges between man and woman who hunt, battle together equally in the beginning. The man starts to feel inferior in front of woman. Because woman whose stomach is slowly getting swollen and breasts are growing is thought to breed on her own and provide continuity of generations.

Early Middle Age Period of Bulgaria

The territories of most European states, including Bulgaria, took shape in the early Middle Age Period. Only the lands of modem Italy and Germany are an exception; they became state territories in the second half of the 19th century. In most cases, the causes of wars were the defense of territories already possessed, rather than the taking control of new ones with a foreign population. Medieval Bulgarians lived under the impression of occupying vast territories, which they usually referred to as “Upper Land” (Moesia with the lower flows of the rivers Timok and Bulgarian Morava, as well as the plains up to the Carpathian Mountains) and “Lower Land” (Thrace, the Aegean coast and present-day Macedonia). In the period 4th centuries, the Bulgarians who were the most numerous people in the Balkan Peninsula, settled permanently in their ethnic lands.

The territory from the Black Sea to the Adriatic Sea and from the Wallachian Lowland to the Aegean Sea has an area of about 240,000 square kilometres and is the biggest territory of the Bulgarians in

Southeastern Europe. Until the end of its medieval statehood (the end of the 14th century), Bulgaria was among the first five European monarchies in terms of territory – together with Russia, Byzantium, France and the Holy Roman Empire (the latter often being a conglomerate of semi-dependent feudal kingdoms).

As in Antiquity, in the Byzantine and in the Bulgarian medieval periods and during the modem era, the population on the coasts of the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea is not mono-ethnic. It is usual to encounter bi-ethnic and bilingual or multi-ethnic and multi-linguistic coasts with an official language, which is the one of the mling state. The above-mentioned coastal parts played the role of a contact zone for the interior regions. It is there that cultures and civilisations meet for the first time and continue to live together. Contact zones are the spaces of synthesis where urban culture accumulates the latest achievements of the period.

Until the emergence of Danube Bulgaria (681), the Bulgarians and the Slavs lived around water basins and used to cross them. Their river and sea culture was not only their livelihood but also brought in military aggression. Fanagoria (present-day Kerch), the capital of Kubrat’s Bulgaria lay in a very important strategic and commercial place – by the sea. On the other hand, the indigenous sea culture was, no doubt, quite strong. So it is normal to expect that as early as the beginning of the 8th century under Kan Tervel (700-721), Bulgaria, which already controlled the western Black Sea coastal area to the north of the Balkan Mountains, would initiate a purposive policy of colonization of the lands to the south of the Balkan Mountains. In 705, the Bulgarian mler obtained the region of Zagore (between the towns of Sliven, Yambol and the Black Sea) from Justinian II (685-695; 705-711). In 716, Theodosius HI (715-717) ceded new territories in the south to Bulgaria. They bordered on Mount Strandzha to the east.

The occupation of the coastal areas to the south of the Balkans became stable under Kan Krum (802—814). In 812, the Kan conquered Debelt and the Black Sea I ports of Anhialo, Sozopol and Nesebar. It j should be mentioned that Nesebar, which is on a peninsula, was taken by siege. It is not possible to think that it was taken along the narrow strip of firm land (now artificially built) without the attack of Bulgarian ships from the sea side. In fact, the ships are depicted on the walls of Pliska and later in Preslav and other parts of the Bulgarian northeast. Thus the south direction of advancement towards the Aegean Sea began. In the same year, 812, Kan Krum reached the important town of Philipi on the Aegean coast near present-day town of Kavala.

Early Middle Age Period of Bulgaria

The territories of most European states, including Bulgaria, took shape in the early Middle Age Period. Only the lands of modem Italy and Germany are an exception; they became state territories in the second half of the 19th century. In most cases, the causes of wars were the defense of territories already possessed, rather than the taking control of new ones with a foreign population. Medieval Bulgarians lived under the impression of occupying vast territories, which they usually referred to as “Upper Land” (Moesia with the lower flows of the rivers Timok and Bulgarian Morava, as well as the plains up to the Carpathian Mountains) and “Lower Land” (Thrace, the Aegean coast and present-day Macedonia). In the period 4th centuries, the Bulgarians who were the most numerous people in the Balkan Peninsula, settled permanently in their ethnic lands.

The territory from the Black Sea to the Adriatic Sea and from the Wallachian Lowland to the Aegean Sea has an area of about 240,000 square kilometres and is the biggest territory of the Bulgarians in

Southeastern Europe. Until the end of its medieval statehood (the end of the 14th century), Bulgaria was among the first five European monarchies in terms of territory – together with Russia, Byzantium, France and the Holy Roman Empire (the latter often being a conglomerate of semi-dependent feudal kingdoms).

As in Antiquity, in the Byzantine and in the Bulgarian medieval periods and during the modem era, the population on the coasts of the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea is not mono-ethnic. It is usual to encounter bi-ethnic and bilingual or multi-ethnic and multi-linguistic coasts with an official language, which is the one of the mling state. The above-mentioned coastal parts played the role of a contact zone for the interior regions. It is there that cultures and civilisations meet for the first time and continue to live together. Contact zones are the spaces of synthesis where urban culture accumulates the latest achievements of the period.

Until the emergence of Danube Bulgaria (681), the Bulgarians and the Slavs lived around water basins and used to cross them. Their river and sea culture was not only their livelihood but also brought in military aggression. Fanagoria (present-day Kerch), the capital of Kubrat’s Bulgaria lay in a very important strategic and commercial place – by the sea. On the other hand, the indigenous sea culture was, no doubt, quite strong. So it is normal to expect that as early as the beginning of the 8th century under Kan Tervel (700-721), Bulgaria, which already controlled the western Black Sea coastal area to the north of the Balkan Mountains, would initiate a purposive policy of colonization of the lands to the south of the Balkan Mountains. In 705, the Bulgarian mler obtained the region of Zagore (between the towns of Sliven, Yambol and the Black Sea) from Justinian II (685-695; 705-711). In 716, Theodosius HI (715-717) ceded new territories in the south to Bulgaria. They bordered on Mount Strandzha to the east.

The occupation of the coastal areas to the south of the Balkans became stable under Kan Krum (802—814). In 812, the Kan conquered Debelt and the Black Sea I ports of Anhialo, Sozopol and Nesebar. It j should be mentioned that Nesebar, which is on a peninsula, was taken by siege. It is not possible to think that it was taken along the narrow strip of firm land (now artificially built) without the attack of Bulgarian ships from the sea side. In fact, the ships are depicted on the walls of Pliska and later in Preslav and other parts of the Bulgarian northeast. Thus the south direction of advancement towards the Aegean Sea began. In the same year, 812, Kan Krum reached the important town of Philipi on the Aegean coast near present-day town of Kavala.

Typical Russian Girl

Both in the media and in real life, Russian girls are very popular with men of all ages. They are often portrayed as the ideal wives and girlfriends any man could ever dream of. And if you ask anyone with Russian girl dating experience, they will tell you that finding a girlfriend from Russia is one of the best things that has ever happened to them.

The good news is that even though all of that may seem too good to be true, dating Russian girl is actually as amazing as everyone says it is. Here is everything you need to know about finding and dating your Russian beauty.

Before you make the decision to date Russian girls, you probably want to learn more about the things that make girls from Russia such great girlfriends. When you start a relationship with a Russian beauty, this is what you can expect.

She is gorgeous

Even though some may consider putting a woman’s appearance first, we believe it’s nothing but practical. You simply want to enjoy the sight of your girlfriend if you are going to spend many weeks, days, or months with her.

The beauty of Russian girls is one of the first things you learn about them. What is even more important that girls in Russia are often not even aware of their stunning looks and that makes them even more lovable.

Russian girls are also pros when it comes to taking care of their appearance. They maintain their physical features and physique for years and always know what to wear and which makeup to put on to make the right impression.

She is intelligent

Few people know this, but Russian girls are some of the most intelligent women on the planet. From a very young age, these girls receive an excellent education. Most of them graduate from prestigious universities and have great career prospects.

Many girls in Russia grow up to be bookworms and have an endless range of interests. When you talk to your Russian girlfriend, you are going to be surprised by how fiercely intelligent and well-read she is. This is especially important if you plan to regularly take your sweetheart to social functions, where she will undoubtedly charm everyone.

She is loyal

Even though Russian girls are getting more modern and may not be actively seeking marriage right after they meet a man, at their heart, they are extremely loyal. When they find someone they can see a future with, they will never look at another man again.

For a Russian girl, loyalty means not only being faithful to the man they love, but also sticking with him through the good and the bad. If you are searching for a true partner who will stand by your side no matter what, dating a Russian girl is the best way to get what you want.

She is hospitable

Western men, who are used to local women being less than passionate about homemaking, are pleasantly surprised when they start a relationship with a Russian girl. The reason for that is that every girl from Russia is a world-class chef, interior decorator, and cleaner.

The best thing about it is that they don’t consider all these things a chore and actually enjoy doing them. The cooking skills of Russian girls are already the subject of legends. You can look forward to traditional Russian delicacies and trendy dishes gracing your dinner table day after day.

 

Coastal Bulgaria Tours

Coastal Bulgaria Tours Day 1

This time we suggest that our coastal Bulgaria tours begin from Burgas instead of Sofia. The second biggest on the Bulgarian coast, after Varna, Burgas is a modern city where one can find traits of the mysterious middle Ages. All you need to do is visit the most remarkable places in the city.

Firstly, our tour starts with ‘St. Cyril and Methodius’ Cathedral – one of the most beautiful churches in Bulgaria.

Then, we will have the chance to learn about the traditional culture and way of life of old Burgas in the Ethnographic Museum.

Coastal Bulgaria tours and the Sea Garden of the city

Burgas’ largest and best-known public park, is rich in flowers, trees and sculptures. It is located along the city’s coast on Black Sea and it houses a casino, the ‘Marine Casino’, Also, a small zoo and an open-air theatre where the annual International Folklore Festival takes place. A nice walk there with a great Black Sea view will refresh us. And not only that but it will make us ready for a visit to the island of ‘St. Anastasia’. After that, the second half of the day we will spend right there – on the island, which is the most romantic place on the Burgas Bay. A small ship, from the Bridge in the Sea Garden, will take us there.

Apart from the delicious authentic Burgas dishes, which we will definitely try, we will enjoy the history of the island as well. It is surely one of the places to visit in Bulgaria. It is veiled in mystery and many legends and stories can be heard about it. The island is the only one that has a church – ‘The Ascension’, which is part of the monastery that once existed there.

After the visit to the island, we will go back to the hotel.

Coastal Bulgaria Tours Day 2

After breakfast we leave for the ancient town of Sozopol. Tourists, on their holidays to Bulgaria, come to Sozopol for the beauty of the sea and for its rich, ancient history. The town can be paradise not only for the ones who love ancient architecture, but also for those interested in the unique archaeological relics. Even if you are not, there is no other way but to get inspired by the antiquity and grandeur of this small town.

Sozopol is on the Black Sea coast, in the southern part of Burgas Bay. It is divided into two parts – Old and New Town between which is the Sea Garden. The Old Town is on the small Skamniy Peninsula which has connection, through artificial embankment and breakwater, with the island of St Cyricus. There the archaeologists found unique temples – one is from the archaic century while the other is from the elinistic.

Thus the Servians were enabled to arm themselves

It is related that one of the Servian deputies  Stephen Schiwkowitsch, a wealthy merchant, conversant with the Turkish and Greek languages, who had previously rendered important services to his countrymen by procuring them ammunition  contributed materially to the resistance which was opposed to Afis Pacha. By representing, at Constantinople, that, in order to prevent bloodshed, the Servians ought to be assured that Afis proceeded in this matter at the express command of the Porte, he managed to get himself sent to Servia for this purpose. In Servia, however, he stated the real facts only to the chiefs j whilst, with an air of truth, he related to the people that Afis had been commissioned to march into Servia with not more than 300 men ; and that, should he appear at the head of a larger army, they would be justified in opposing him.

Finally, lie induced Guschanz Ali to believe, that, despite of the interest made for himself, Afis had been appointed to the Pachalic through bribery. “ Well, then,” replied Guschanz, “beat him out of the country!” and, in the mean time, lie was content to remain quiet at Belgrade with his Krdschalies; though a part of the blockading army was withdrawn.

Thus the Servians were enabled to arm themselves, and were prepared to repel the Pacha’s attack by force, should necessity require it. On the extreme boundary of the Pachalic, between Iyjupria and Parakyn, Milenko and Peter Dobrin- jaz took up a position, with a force of 2500 men and a piece of iron ordnance, behind two intrench- ments, one large and the other small. In their rear, on the left bank of the Morawa, in the mountains of Jagodina, Kara George encamped with the people of the Schumadia.

An engagement, however, did not immediately ensue on the appearance of Afis. At first, the Servians only required that he should pursue the usual road, hitherto taken by all the Pachas, over Jagodina; as, on that route alone, the requisite accommodation had been provided. Afis, aware probably that on that very road another Servian army awaited him, insisted upon proceeding along the right bank of the Morawa down the Danube. The Servians replied  “ That part of the country had been laid waste by war, and could not supply an army.” Afis became angry, and exclaimed  “ Am I to ask robbers which road I am to take to Belgrade?”

The Generosity Of Russian Girls

She is fun

People in Russia are often portrayed as serious and moody, but that’s definitely not what you experience with a Russian girlfriend. These girls are cheerful, have a great sense of humor, and always know what to say to lift your spirits.

There won’t be a boring weekend with your Russian girlfriend. Even when you don’t go out doing something you both love, you will still have lots of fun when you are staying in. Plus, you will probably quickly find a shared hobby that will bring you even closer.

Why You Should Date Them

With so many Russian girls dating websites promising to connect you to Russian brides, you can’t help but wonder: are these women really as stunning, kind, and loving as everyone says? We all know someone who found happiness with a Russian girlfriend or wife, but finding a Russian girlfriend is not as easy as it may seem.

The biggest challenge of dating a Russian girl is the long distance between you and your potential dream woman. However, that problem is easily solved by signing up to one of the many international dating platforms.

One more reason why some men hesitate to date a Russian beauty is the fact that we know very little about them, which is why they may seem intimidating and difficult to date. The good news is that a Russian girl is, perhaps, the best girlfriend you can ever have, and here are 10 reasons to prove it.

Beauty

Men are often called shallow for wanting a beautiful girlfriend, but, to us, it is very practical. If you want to wake up every day to your girlfriend’s gorgeous appearance, no one can blame you. And Russian girls are known for being some of the best-looking women on the planet.

There are actually three reasons why you see so many fabulous Russian girls online and in the city streets:

First, they are blessed with wonderful genetics, which gives them very different but equally beautiful features. The genetic pool of Russian girls is so diverse that you can find even the most unusual types and traits.

Second, they are well aware of their beauty and do everything to make their appearance more striking. From tasteful makeup to stylish clothes, these girls know how to stun with their looks.

Third, girls in Russia are determined to stay young and beautiful for as long as possible. They take good care of their skin, keep in shape, and will make you feel excited to see them even after years in a relationship.

Generosity

One of the biggest benefits of Russian girls for dating is that these women are prepared to give without expecting much in return. They spend their life waiting for the right man, and once they find him, they surround him with all the love and care they are capable of.

The generosity of Russian girls is displayed in different ways. They will always serve you the best piece at dinner, offer you a cold drink after you’ve been working outside, and run errands for you if you are particularly busy.

If you are dating Russian girl, you can always expect to be taken care of, whether you are sick or simply came home from work. Generosity is a big part of the character of any Russian girl, and you cannot live life to the fullest unless you experience it.