Major Sources of Bulgarian Imports

Over the last fifteen years, Austria-Hungary has been the leading supplier of goods to Bulgaria. During the first five-year period, 1890–1894, imports from Austria-Hungary reached their highest level, accounting for 37.5% of Bulgaria’s total imports. However, in the following periods, a noticeable decrease occurred. In 1895–1899, imports from Austria-Hungary fell to 28.9%, and in 1900–1904, they further decreased to 27.3% of the total imports.

This decline is mainly due to the overall reduction in Bulgaria’s total import volume. During the first period, Bulgaria’s total imports were about 14 million francs higher than in the second period and 7 million francs higher than in the third period. Since Austria-Hungary had been the primary trading partner at that time, most of this reduction naturally affected its exports to Bulgaria. In addition, during the early years, other countries had limited access to Bulgarian markets and could not compete effectively with Austrian-Hungarian goods.

Imports from England

The second most important source of imports is England. English imports show a slight decrease in absolute value over the years, but their proportion compared to Bulgaria’s total imports has been uneven. In the first period (1890–1894), English imports represented 21.8% of total imports. During the second period (1895–1899), their share rose to 23.8%, showing temporary growth. However, in the third period (1900–1904), the share dropped significantly to 17.6% Private Tour Ephesus.

Imports from Turkey

Turkey is the next important trading partner. Imports from Turkey have been more variable compared with Austria-Hungary and England. During 1890–1894, Turkish goods accounted for 12.3% of total imports. In the second period, their share slightly decreased to 11.6%, but in the last period (1900–1904), it increased again to 13.8%. This fluctuation shows that Bulgaria’s trade with Turkey was influenced by both market demand and political or economic conditions in the region.

Overall, Austria-Hungary remained the largest source of imports, but its share declined due to the growth of competition and reduced total import volume. England’s imports fluctuated, reflecting shifting demand and trade patterns, while Turkey’s imports remained variable but important. These trends indicate that Bulgaria’s import markets were gradually diversifying, reducing reliance on a single country and establishing trade relations with multiple European partners.

Roads and Means of Communication in Bulgaria

This section explains how the Bulgarian postal and telegraph services developed and improved over time. By the year 1894, the postal system had already transported 16,430,000 letters and parcels, and had sent 218,105,695 francs through money orders. During that year, the system had an expenditure of 2,534,263 francs and a revenue of 2,303,474 francs, which resulted in a deficit of 230,789 francs. Although the system was not yet financially balanced, it continued to grow and modernize rapidly.

Major Reforms After 1894

Between 1894 and the early 1900s, several important reforms transformed and strengthened the Bulgarian postal and telegraph services. These reforms helped complete the organization of the system and extend it across the entire country.

1. Expansion to Rural Areas

Before 1896, only people living in towns could use postal and telegraph services. Villagers had very limited access or none at all. Starting in 1896, this changed completely. The government introduced a rural postal system that connected even the smallest villages and hamlets to the national network. This meant that nearly every Bulgarian citizen could now send and receive letters and parcels Ephesus Daily Tour.

2. Introduction of Postal Savings Banks

Around the same time, postal savings banks were opened inside many post and telegraph offices. These new services allowed people to save money safely and conveniently. They offered an important financial tool for workers, farmers, and small merchants across the country. More detailed statistics about these savings banks were published later.

3. Development of the Telephone System

The Bulgarian telephone system also began to grow. Several new lines were built, including important long-distance routes such as:

Sofia–Roustchouk

Roustchouk–Varna

In addition, local telephone services were introduced in both Roustchouk and Varna. A new telephone cable across the Danube connected the networks of Bulgaria and Romania, linking Roustchouk with the town of Giurgevo. This greatly improved international communication.

4. Lower Postal Rates

A careful review of postal tariffs led to a reduction of several postal taxes. One of the most important changes was the reduction of the cost of sending a home letter—from 15 centimes to 10 centimes per 15 grams. This made letter-writing more affordable for ordinary people.

5. New Services and More Offices

During this period, Bulgaria also introduced the cash-on-delivery and reimbursement systems, which made postal transactions safer and more convenient. The government opened 49 new post and telegraph stations and created 1,779 postal agencies across the country. This expansion played a major role in improving communication and supporting social and economic development.

Development of the Bulgarian Postal and Telegraph Services After 1880

After 1880, the postal and telegraph services in Bulgaria began to grow rapidly. This period marked a turning point in the organization and efficiency of these services. Bulgaria joined the International Postal Union, which allowed the country to participate in international congresses and improve its postal connections.

At the same time, Bulgaria successfully closed the Austrian post offices in Sofia, Roustchouk, and Varna, which had been operating under old agreements but were no longer needed. The postal services were gradually extended to include parcel post, newspaper subscriptions, home and foreign money orders, and letters and parcels with declared value.

Fusion of Postal Administrations and Emergency Service

In September 1885, when Northern Bulgaria united with Eastern Roumelia, the postal administrations of the two regions were merged. During the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the Bulgarian postal and telegraph system demonstrated its ability to provide critical support in times of emergency.

In 1885, the Bulgarian postal and telegraph offices handled:

642,566 telegraphic messages (home and foreign)

5,438,272 letters and parcels

23,424,562 francs sent via postal orders or bills

These figures show the rapid growth and importance of the services.

Expansion of Services (1886–1894)

By 1886, Bulgaria had 108 post and telegraph offices with a staff of 1,011 officials. The telegraph network extended 3,548 kilometres, using 5,889 kilometres of wire. Revenue for that year was 1,257,830 francs, but expenditure reached 2,206,154 francs, leaving a deficit of 648,318 francs Ephesus Daily Tour.

Between 1886 and 1894, the postal and telegraph system expanded despite political and financial challenges. Key developments included:

Opening 17 new post and telegraph offices

Closing the Austrian post office in Plovdiv

Signing postal agreements with Romania, Great Britain, Japan, Germany, and Spain

Laying a telegraph cable across the Danube, connecting Viddin with Kalafat

Building the first telephone line between Sofia and Plovdiv

State of the Services by 1894

By 1894, the Bulgarian postal and telegraph system had grown significantly:

125 offices with 1,073 staff

3,894 km of telegraph lines, representing 9,728 km of wire

47 km of urban telephone lines with 299 km of wires

173 km of intra-town telephone lines with 335 km of wires

1,234,263 telegrams sent (home and foreign)

This period laid the foundation for modern communications in Bulgaria and reflected the increasing importance of postal and telegraph services in supporting both government and public needs.

Situation of the Bulgarian State Railways (1900–1905)

The Bulgarian State Railways experienced continuous growth from the start of their operations until 1905. During this period, the railway system expanded its lines, improved rolling stock, and increased both passenger and freight traffic. The following overview summarizes their performance.

Railway Lines and Costs

By 1905, the total length of railway lines had reached approximately 1,175 kilometres. The construction and maintenance of these lines, along with rolling stock, represented a substantial investment. For example:

In 1900, the cost of lines with rolling stock was 153,559,000 francs Ephesus Sightseeing.

By 1905, this cost increased to about 164,966,000 francs, reflecting the expansion and improvement of infrastructure.

Revenue and Expenditure

Gross receipts steadily increased each year:

1900: 8,163,454 francs

1905: 11,170,970 francs

Receipts per kilometre rose from 5,778 francs in 1900 to 9,301 francs in 1905. Gross expenditure also increased but at a slower pace, leading to higher net receipts:

1900: 3,666,391 francs

1905: 3,815,954 francs

Net receipts per kilometre showed a similar trend, indicating growing efficiency and profitability of railway operations.

Traffic Analysis

The railways served both passengers and freight:

Passengers transported: Increased from 574,394 in 1900 to 1,349,330 in 1905.

Passenger kilometrage: Rose from 63,657,430 km to 100,282,126 km.

Express goods traffic: Also grew significantly, reflecting expanding commercial activity.

Slow goods traffic: Increased steadily, showing the railways’ key role in moving agricultural and industrial products.

Receipts from various sources contributed to revenue: tickets, luggage, express goods, slow goods, and other taxes. Expenditure included administration, traffic, maintenance, and traction services.

Proportion of Receipts

Passenger receipts accounted for roughly 35–37% of gross receipts.

Luggage and dogs contributed around 1–3%.

Express goods traffic made up 60–64%, reflecting the importance of freight.

Slow goods traffic contributed a smaller share but remained significant for agricultural transport.

Post and Telegraph Services

Initially, the post and telegraph offices focused on domestic and international correspondence and money orders. In 1880, maintenance cost about 100,000 francs per month, while revenue was only 42,000 francs, creating a monthly deficit of 58,000 francs. Despite this, services handled around 395,000 telegraphic messages and 1.2 million letters and parcels per year in Northern Bulgaria alone.

From 1900 to 1905, the Bulgarian State Railways expanded their network, increased traffic, and improved financial performance. The growth in both passenger and freight transport demonstrates their central role in Bulgaria’s economy and communication network.

Overview of Bulgarian State Railways (1895–1899)

The Bulgarian State Railways experienced steady growth in passengers, goods, and financial performance during the late 19th century. The statistics collected annually show a clear increase in railway usage, revenue, and efficiency. These figures demonstrate how railways became central to transport, commerce, and communication in Bulgaria.

Revenue and Expenditure

Between 1895 and 1899, the railways generated increasing revenue while managing their expenses efficiently. Key financial figures include:

Gross receipts per kilometre: Revenue increased year by year, reflecting growing passenger numbers and goods transport.

Gross expenditure per kilometre: Spending also rose, but net receipts remained positive, showing financial stability.

Net receipts and profitability: The proportion of net receipts to gross receipts consistently indicated that the railways were profitable, even as investments in infrastructure expanded Ephesus Sightseeing.

The revenue came from multiple sources:

Passenger tickets

Luggage and parcels

Express goods traffic

Slow goods traffic

Various taxes and fees

Expenditure covered several areas:

Central administration

Traffic service

Maintenance service

Traction service

Passenger and Freight Traffic

During this period:

Passenger transport increased steadily, with annual kilometrage rising year after year.

Express goods traffic and slow goods traffic both expanded, indicating growing commercial activity.

Ton-kilometres of freight reflect the increasing movement of agricultural, industrial, and manufactured goods.

The number of passengers transported each year rose from 528,611 in 1895 to over 1,045,943 in 1899, showing how essential rail travel had become. Freight tonnage and kilometrage also increased significantly, supporting economic growth.

Operational Observations

Railways were organized into lines with rolling stock appropriate for passenger, luggage, and goods transport.

The proportion of receipts from different sources helped management focus on profitable operations.

Expenditure management ensured that maintenance, traffic, and traction services supported smooth operations.

Overall, the railways provided reliable service while remaining financially sustainable, contributing to Bulgaria’s modernization.

From 1895 to 1899, the Bulgarian State Railways showed remarkable growth in both usage and revenue. Passenger travel, goods transport, and financial efficiency all improved steadily. These developments reflect the vital role of the railway system in supporting Bulgaria’s economy, trade, and connectivity during this period.

General Post Office and Railway Finances in Bulgaria

The Bulgarian State Railways have shown consistent growth since their establishment. The income and expenditure of the railways reflect the increase in traffic and economic activity. The following summary shows the revenue, expenditure, and net revenue from 1900 to 1905:

Year Revenue (Fr.) Expenditure (Fr.) Net Revenue (Fr.) Net Revenue % Change

1900 6,163,454 4,783,706 3,372,346 +67.01%

1901 7,783,097 5,347,835 2,566,391 +48.0%

1902 7,491,478 5,693,969 2,150,323 +76.66%

1903 8,326,843 7,144,334 2,533,873 +49.9%

1904 10,960,388 7,373,105 3,815,954 -0.43%

1905 11,170,970 7,378,865 3,798,865 —

These numbers clearly show that the Bulgarian railway system has been a profitable investment, justifying the continuous expansion of the network. At the time, three new lines were under construction, which would add nearly 400 kilometres to the national railway system Ephesus Sightseeing.

Development of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones

Twenty-seven years ago, when the national government replaced the provisional Russian administration, the Direction of Posts and Telegraphs inherited:

27 post and telegraph stations

107 officials

A telegraph network of 1,630 km, with 2,582 km of telegraph wires

Initially, the postal and telegraph services were managed independently. In July 1880, the General Direction of Posts and Telegraphs was created, merging both services into a single administration. This structure remains in place today, providing efficient coordination between posts, telegraphs, and later, telephones.

Financial Performance of the Bulgarian State Railways (1888–1893)

From the start of operations until 1905, the Bulgarian State Railways steadily increased their traffic and financial performance. Key financial indicators include:

Length of railway lines and their rolling stock

Gross receipts and expenditure per kilometre

Net receipts and proportion between receipts and expenses

The railways transported both passengers and goods. Revenue came from:

Ticket sales for passengers

Luggage and parcels

Express goods traffic

Slow goods traffic

Various taxes

Expenses were divided into:

Central administration

Traffic service

Maintenance service

Traction service

For example, in the early years (1888–1893), total passenger traffic, ton-kilometres of goods, and revenue per kilometre steadily increased, reflecting the growing importance of railways in Bulgaria’s economic development. Passenger kilometrage and freight tonnage grew year by year, showing the reliance of both people and commerce on the railway system.

Observations

The Bulgarian State Railways have been financially sustainable, with net revenue increasing in most years.

Railways not only served passengers but also facilitated commerce and official communication through goods and parcels.

The continued investment in new lines highlights the importance of railways for national economic growth.

The combination of railways, posts, telegraphs, and telephones illustrates Bulgaria’s effort to modernize its transportation and communication networks.

Imports of Bulgaria by Category

After textiles, the next largest category of Bulgarian imports is metals and products of the metallurgical industry. During the three periods, this category represented:

8.9% of total imports in the first period (1890–1894)

11.7% in the second period (1895–1899)

9.5% in the last period (1900–1904)

The value of these imports slightly decreased by 0.2 million francs compared with the first period and by 0.9 million francs compared with the second period.

Other Important Import Categories

The tables show the values and percentages of other major imported goods:

Live animals: Around 0.6–0.7% of total imports during the three periods Private Ephesus Tours.

Animal foodstuffs: 1.6–1.9% of total imports.

Cereals and wheat products: Decreased slightly from 2.0% in the first period to 1.1% in the last period.

Fruits, vegetables, and grains: Increased from 0.6% to 1.4% during the last period.

Colonial products (coffee, tea, spices): Declined from 9.4% in the first period to 6.6% in the last period.

Chemicals, oils, fats, waxes, and their derivatives: Gradually increased, showing higher demand.

Paper materials and textile products: Both categories increased, reflecting growth in industrial and commercial activity.

Trends and Changes in Imports

Comparing the last period with the previous ones:

Fruits, vegetables, and grains increased significantly by almost 108% compared with the first period.

Colonial products decreased by 36% compared with the first period.

Spirituous drinks fell by 87.9% from the first period.

Metals and metallurgical products decreased by 2.1% compared with the first period and by 10.8% compared with the second period.

Textile materials and products rose by 10.1% compared with the first period and 15.1% compared with the second.

Some smaller categories, such as perfumes, drugs, and paper products, also showed moderate growth, while others, like machinery, ironmongery, and luxury items, decreased slightly.

Overall, Bulgaria’s foreign imports have shifted toward industrial and consumer goods, reflecting the needs of a growing population and developing economy. Textiles remain the largest category, metals and machinery show stability or slight decrease, and agricultural products like fruits and vegetables are increasing. Comparing these trends across the three quinquennial periods helps to understand the changing demands and consumption patterns of Bulgaria.

Bulgarian Foreign Trade by Categories of Goods

The tables on pages 246–249 are organized to show the average foreign imports into Bulgaria and the average exports from Bulgaria over the last three quinquennial periods. These tables also compare the absolute and relative percentages of each category of goods during the last period with the first two periods, providing a clear picture of trade trends over time.

Imports by Categories

The largest share of Bulgaria’s imports over the three periods belongs to textile materials and products. This category accounted for:

39.8% of total imports during the first period (1890–1894)

34.1% during the second period (1895–1899)

35.7% during the last period (1900–1904)

The increase in textile imports during the last period was 7.6 million francs, or 10.1%, compared to the first period. Compared with the second period, the increase was 3.7 million francs, or 15% Private Ephesus Tours.

Despite the growth of Bulgaria’s own textile industry, the import of textiles has continued to rise. This trend is explained by the progress and development of the Bulgarian people, who increasingly seek better clothing, improved comfort, and better hygiene in their daily lives.

Exports by Categories

The tables also show exports from Bulgaria, classified by type of goods. While imports are dominated by textiles, Bulgarian exports are more diverse, reflecting the country’s agricultural and industrial products. The comparison between the three periods helps identify which types of goods have increased or decreased in foreign markets, and which products remain important for Bulgaria’s trade relations.

Trade Trends and Analysis

By comparing the absolute values and percentages of imports and exports, it is possible to see how Bulgaria’s consumption patterns and production capabilities have changed. The continued rise in textile imports highlights growing domestic demand, even as local industries expand. At the same time, analyzing exports helps understand which Bulgarian products are competitive internationally.

Variations in Bulgarian Foreign Trade

Variations in Bulgarian Foreign Trade

During the three quinquennial periods, the foreign trade of Bulgaria showed significant changes in both exports and imports. Examining these variations helps us understand which countries are key trading partners and how the balance of trade has shifted over time.

Exports Compared to Imports

The exports of Bulgaria to some countries decreased relative to imports. For example:

France: During the first period, Bulgarian exports to France were 467.9 francs for every 100 francs of imports. This decreased to 264.1 francs in the second period and further to 130.8 francs during 1900–1904.

Germany: Exports fell from 102.6 francs during the first period and 114.5 francs during the second period to 85 francs during the last period, per 100 francs of imports from Germany.

These decreases show that Bulgaria exported less in comparison with what it imported from these countries, indicating a growing import dependence for certain goods.

Significant Increases in Exports

Conversely, Bulgaria’s exports to Belgium increased sharply. During the first period, exports were only 71.7 francs per 100 francs of Belgian goods imported. By the second period, exports rose to 269.9 francs, and during 1900–1904, they reached 1,019.4 francs. This dramatic increase highlights Belgium as a major buyer of Bulgarian products, especially cereals and other agricultural goods.

Exports to countries such as Greece, the United States, and England also grew proportionally with imports, showing balanced trade relations.

Overall Trade Growth

The general trend shows a steady growth in Bulgaria’s export trade relative to imports. During the first period, for every 100 francs of imports, exports amounted to only 88 francs. By the second period, exports slightly exceeded imports, and during 1900–1904, exports exceeded imports by more than 25%. This demonstrates that Bulgaria became increasingly export-oriented, improving its trade balance Private Ephesus Tours.

Composition of Bulgarian Trade

Understanding foreign trade also requires knowing what goods are imported and exported. Bulgarian statistical authorities classify commerce into 28 categories, further divided into 890 types of goods. This detailed classification helps identify which products are in high demand and which are produced in surplus, guiding both trade and economic policy.

Understanding Bulgarias Import and Export Trade

To better understand Bulgarian trade, it is useful to compare the values of imports and exports over the last three five-year periods. The comparison shows how much Bulgaria exported for every 100 francs worth of imports from other countries. This method helps us see the balance of trade and the nature of Bulgaria’s commercial relationships. It also helps guide decisions on commercial policy with different countries.

Exports Compared to Imports

From the data, we see that in some cases Bulgaria exported less than it imported. For example, for every 100 francs of goods imported, Bulgaria exported:

Russia: 5 francs

Switzerland: 29 francs

Austria-Hungary: 41 francs

Italy: 55 francs

Romania: 56 francs

Serbia: 72 francs

Germany: 85 francs

Holland: 90 francs

In these cases, Bulgaria’s trade balance was negative, meaning the country imported more than it exported. This shows a dependence on these countries for certain goods.

Countries with Favorable Trade Balance

In contrast, Bulgaria exported more than it imported from several other countries:

Belgium and Greece: Exports were ten times the imports

Turkey and the United States: Exports were about double the imports

France: Exports were 30% higher than imports

These figures show strong markets for Bulgarian products, especially cereals, livestock, and other local goods, in these countries.

Trends Over Three Periods

Looking at the three quinquennial periods, the proportion between exports and imports remained fairly consistent in the first two periods. However, in the period 1900–1904, Bulgaria’s overall exports increased significantly compared with imports, reaching 126.8 francs of exports for every 100 francs of imports. This shows that Bulgaria was gradually becoming a more export-oriented economy, with stronger trade relations in certain markets Private Ephesus Tours.

The table comparing exports and imports illustrates the balance of trade for Bulgaria. It highlights countries where Bulgaria has a surplus or deficit and helps understand which markets are most important. Over time, Bulgaria has been successful in increasing its exports, particularly to Belgium, Greece, Turkey, and the United States, showing the growing international demand for Bulgarian products. This information is essential for shaping future trade policies and promoting economic growth.

Major Export Destinations

During the period 1890–1904, Bulgaria exported cereals and other products to several countries. England was the second largest importer of Bulgarian cereals. In the first period (1890–1894), England received 17.9% of the total exports. This share increased to 28.1% during the second period (1895–1899), before falling to 18.0% in the period 1900–1904.

Other important export destinations included Germany, which imported mainly cereals, Austria-Hungary, which imported raw animal materials and other goods, and France, which also imported cereals. Smaller importers were Greece, Italy, and Romania. Although exports to these countries were less significant, they still showed some growth during 1900–1904.

Increase in Exports (1900–1904)

The period 1900–1904 saw a significant rise in exports to many countries compared with the first period:

Belgium: Increased by 21.9 million francs, or 8,798.1%

Austria-Hungary: Increased by 5.6 million francs, or 161.1%

England: Increased by 4.6 million francs, or 33.5%

Greece: Increased by 3.1 million francs, or 772.3%

Italy: Increased by 1.3 million francs, or 10.3%

United States: Increased by 0.6 million francs, or 3,191.1%

On the other hand, exports to France decreased by 10.7 million francs, or 62.2%, showing a clear decline in trade with that country during this period Private Ephesus Tours.

Comparison with the Second Period (1895–1899)

When compared with the second quinquennial period, exports during 1900–1904 also increased to several key countries:

Belgium: +17.0 million francs, or 274.8%

Austria-Hungary: +4.3 million francs, or 92.5%

Turkey: +4.0 million francs, or 21.5%

Greece: +2.6 million francs, or 301.0%

Italy: +1.6 million francs, or 109.6%

England: +1.3 million francs, or 8.0%

Exports to France fell by 3 million francs, or 31.4%, and exports to Germany fell by 1.2 million francs, or 11.2%.

Overall, Bulgaria’s export trade shifted significantly during the period 1900–1904. Belgium became a major market, while exports to traditional partners such as France and Germany declined. Meanwhile, exports to Greece, Italy, Austria-Hungary, and the United States showed impressive growth. These trends reflect both the expansion of Bulgaria’s production and changing patterns in international demand for Bulgarian goods.

Increase in Imports

During the last period (1900–1904), Bulgaria saw a significant rise in imports from several European countries compared with the previous period (1895–1899).

Italy showed the largest increase, with imports rising by 2.6 million francs, or 30.8% more than the previous period.

Germany’s imports increased by 1.8 million francs, a rise of 19.6%.

France had an increase of 1.4 million francs, or 38.7% more.

Austria-Hungary experienced a smaller rise of 0.9 million francs, or 4.1%.

Russia’s imports rose by 0.7 million francs, or 19.4% Private Tour Ephesus.

In contrast, imports from England decreased by 3.2 million francs, a reduction of 30.8%. This shows a shift in Bulgaria’s trading partners, with southern and central European countries supplying more goods, while England’s role as a supplier declined.

Exports to Belgium

Bulgaria’s export trade experienced important changes during the same period. Belgium became the fastest-growing market for Bulgarian products.

In the first period (1890–1894), exports to Belgium amounted to 1.2 million francs, representing only 1.6% of total exports.

During the second period (1895–1899), exports increased to 6.2 million francs, or 8.4% of total exports.

In the last period (1900–1904), exports to Belgium reached 23.1 million francs, or 22.4% of the total exportation—almost a quarter of all Bulgarian exports.

Belgium has become the most important buyer of Bulgarian products, especially cereals. This growth demonstrates the development of strong trade relations between Bulgaria and Belgium.

Exports to Turkey

For fifteen years, Turkey remained the largest market for Bulgarian exports.

During the first quinquennial period, exports to Turkey were 22.3 million francs, or 29.4% of total exports.

In the second period, exports fell slightly to 18.7 million francs, representing 25.5% of total exports.

In the last period, exports to Turkey rose again to 22.7 million francs, or 22.4% of total exports.

Turkey has remained a profitable market for Bulgarian cattle and industrial products, making it a stable and important trading partner despite the rise of other European buyers like Belgium.

Overall, Bulgaria’s foreign trade between 1895 and 1904 shows two clear trends:

Imports are diversifying, with Italy, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, and Russia supplying increasing amounts of goods, while England’s share is declining.

Exports are shifting toward new markets, especially Belgium, which has become the largest buyer of Bulgarian products, while Turkey continues to be a key market for agricultural and industrial goods.

These trends reflect Bulgaria’s growing economic integration with Europe and the expansion of its commercial networks.

Imports from Major Countries

During the period studied, Bulgaria’s imports from European countries showed significant changes. Germany, Italy, France, and Russia increased their share of Bulgarian imports, while Austria-Hungary and England decreased slightly.

Germany’s imports grew steadily. During the first period, Germany supplied 9.5% of Bulgaria’s total imports. This share rose to 12.7% in the second period and reached 13.8% in the last period.

Italy showed the most dramatic growth, starting at 2.1% in the first period, increasing to 3.8% in the second, and reaching 6.8% in the last period.

France’s imports represented 7.3% of total imports during the first period, fell slightly to 5% in the second, and increased again to 6.2% in the last period.

Russia’s imports started at 5.1% in the first period, decreased to 4.8% in the second, and rose to 5.2% in the last period.

Other countries, including Belgium and Serbia, contributed smaller amounts to Bulgaria’s imports. Although their percentages were lower, they still played a role in diversifying Bulgaria’s trade Private Tour Ephesus.

Comparison of Import Changes

A comparison between the last period (1900–1904) and the two previous periods shows substantial growth in imports from some countries:

Italy: Increase of 3.5 million francs, or 191.1% compared with the first period.

Germany: Increase of 2.7 million francs, or 33.2%.

France: Increase of 1.3 million francs, or 35.4%.

Belgium: Increase of 0.6 million francs, or 33.6%.

At the same time, imports decreased from Austria-Hungary and England, the two historically dominant trade partners:

Austria-Hungary: Decrease of 10.7 million francs, or 33.0%.

England: Decrease of 4.8 million francs, or 25.3%.

These changes reflect the gradual diversification of Bulgaria’s trade. While Austria-Hungary and England were important sources of imports in the early period, newer trading partners like Germany, Italy, and France began to supply more goods as Bulgaria developed its economy and improved transport links, such as railways and ports.

Overall, Bulgaria’s import trade between 1890 and 1904 shows a clear trend: growth from emerging European markets and a gradual reduction in reliance on traditional partners. The increase in imports from Italy, Germany, and France suggests that Bulgaria was actively seeking new trade opportunities, while maintaining connections with older partners. This period marks a transition toward a more balanced and diversified import system, preparing the country for further economic development in the 20th century.

Railway Usage Statistics in Bulgaria

The Ministry of Public Works, Roads, and Communications publishes annual statistics showing how the people of Bulgaria use the railway system. These statistics clearly demonstrate the growing importance of the railways in the daily life and economy of the country. Both the number of passengers and the quantity of goods transported have increased steadily over the years.

Passenger and Freight Traffic

The annual reports indicate that the Bulgarian railways have seen a remarkable rise in traffic. The following data summarizes the number of passengers, total freight transported, and official parcels handled from 1900 to 1905:

Year Passengers Freight Transported (tons) Official Parcels

1900 12,138 742,394 63,127

1901 16,570 679,620 74,634

1902 15,370 864,563 71,844

1903 16,137 961,242 79,823

1904 22,041 1,164,405 94,109

1905 21,976 1,349,550 105,139

These numbers show that, by 1905, both passenger and freight traffic had almost doubled compared to 1900. This increase demonstrates the expanding role of the railways in commerce, transportation, and communication within the Principality Ephesus Sightseeing.

Growth in Different Categories

The Ministry also reports percentage changes each year compared to the previous year. For example:

Passenger traffic grew by more than 81% from 1900 to 1905.

Cattle trucks and freight wagons saw increases ranging from 30% to over 98% in different years.

Official parcels increased by over 66%, showing the growing reliance of government and administrative offices on rail transport.

These statistics indicate that the railway system not only served private passengers but also became increasingly important for agriculture, trade, and official government use.

Observations

The rise in passenger numbers shows that railways were becoming the primary mode of travel for many people.

The growth in freight and parcels reflects the expansion of trade, both within Bulgaria and with neighboring countries.

The steady yearly growth emphasizes the importance of maintaining and expanding railway infrastructure to meet future demand.

In conclusion, the statistics from 1900 to 1905 clearly illustrate the rapid development of railway transport in Bulgaria, confirming its vital role in connecting cities, supporting the economy, and serving the population.

Cost and Distribution of Rolling Stock on Bulgarian State Railways

The net construction cost of the Bulgarian State Railways is approximately 125,322 francs per kilometre. In addition to the railway lines themselves, the rolling stock (trains, carriages, and wagons) represents a significant investment. The cost of rolling stock per kilometre for the main lines is as follows:

Roustchouk–Varna: 2,490,534 francs

Tzaribrod–Sofia–Vakarel: 1,795,615 francs

Sofia–Pemik: 363,434 francs

Pemik–Radomir: 160,641 francs

Sofia–Roman: 1,222,485 francs

Roman–Choumen: 3,651,143 francs

Choumen–Kaspitchan: 260,213 francs

Somovit–Yassen: 394,897 francs

Gübedje–Devnia: 165,197 francs

Roustchouk–Timova: 1,444,406 francs

Jamboli–Bourgas: 1,211,729 francs

The total investment in rolling stock for all main lines is 13,160,294 francs.

Types of Rolling Stock

The Bulgarian State Railways operate a wide variety of rolling stock for passengers, goods, and special purposes. Key categories include:

Passenger Carriages: Royal, first class, mixed-class, and third-class carriages. These vary in the number of seats, distance travelled, and safety equipment Ephesus Sightseeing.

Post Office Carriages: For transporting mail, equipped with separate compartments.

Luggage Wagons: For baggage and small cargo.

Goods Trucks: Covered and uncovered wagons for general goods, grains, cattle, and other freight.

Specialized Wagons: Multi-story wagons for poultry and small livestock, platforms for timber, ballast wagons, and wagons with water reservoirs or alcohol storage.

Crane Wagons: Used for lifting heavy materials.

Each type of carriage or wagon has a specific number, total distance covered, tare weight, braking system, and number of carriages equipped with screw brakes or other safety mechanisms.

Safety and Equipment Features

Most carriages are equipped with the Hardy automatic brake system. Many passenger carriages have alarm signals to ensure safety during travel. Different ventilation systems are used in passenger carriages, with the sliding valve system being the most common.

At the end of 1906, 102 locomotives were in service. The majority were Zwilling two-cylinder locomotives, supplied by reputable German and Austrian manufacturers. No dynamometric cars or electrically lit carriages were yet in use at this time.

Observations on Rolling Stock

Passenger comfort varies by class and carriage type.

Specialized freight wagons help transport different types of goods efficiently.

Safety systems such as brakes and ventilation are in place but still developing compared to modern standards.

The rolling stock reflects a mix of German and Austrian engineering practices, showing the influence of international technology on Bulgarian railways.

Overview of the Bulgarian State Railways

This article gives an overview of the main railway lines of the Bulgarian State Railways, including their length, the dates they were opened, and important ownership details. It also explains which lines belong fully to the State and which are operated under special agreements with private companies.

Main Railway Lines and Opening Dates

The Bulgarian State Railways have built many important lines since the late 1800s. The following table shows the major lines, the date each one was opened, and their approximate length. Many numbers in early records are written in older formats, so approximate modern readings are used where neededLocal Ephesus Tour Guides.

Roustchouk–Varna Line

Opened: August 10, 1888

Length: About 272 km

Tzaribrod–Sofia–Bellovo Line

Opened: June 23, 1888

Length: About 192 km

Sofia–Pernik Line

Opened: December 9, 1893

Length: About 47 km

Choumen–Kaspitchan Line

Opened: June 20, 1895

Length: About 26 km

Pernik–Radomir Line

Opened: February 6, 1897

Length: About 18 km

Sofia–Roman Line

Opened: February 20, 1897

Length: About 119 km

Gübedje–Devnia Line

Opened: September 27, 1898

Length: About 15 km

Roman–Plevna Line

Opened: July 18, 1899

Length: About 89 km

Plevna–Choumen Line

Opened: November 8, 1899

Length: About 262 km

Somovit–Yassen Line

Opened: September 1, 1899

Length: About 35 km

Roustchouk–Timova Line

Opened: October 8, 1900

Length: About 150 km

Tchirpan–Nova Zagora Line

Opened: September 5, 1900

Length: About 80 km

Jamboli–Bourgas Line

Opened: May 18, 1900

Length: About 112 km

Privately Built Industrial Branch Lines

Besides the main lines, some short branch lines were built by private companies for industrial use. They are private property but connect directly to the State network. Examples include:

A 675-meter line linking the Balabanoff factory with the Sofia–Roman railway.

A 475-meter line of the Isida Pottery Company, connecting their facilities to the Tzaribrod–Sofia–Bellovo line near the village of Novo Seltzi.

Ownership and Operation

Almost all major lines in Bulgaria are owned and operated by the State. There are only a few exceptions:

Bellovo–Sarambey Line

This line was built before Bulgaria’s liberation by the Oriental Railway Company, which still owns it. However, the Bulgarian State operates the line, appoints all staff, and receives annual payments from the Oriental Company. According to the Convention of March 8, 1894, the State receives 1,200 francs per kilometre per year, plus an additional payment of 6 centimes per axle-kilometre for rolling stock use.

Tchirpan–Nova Zagora Line

Although this line was built by the Bulgarian State, it is leased to the Oriental Railway Company under an agreement signed on March 16/28, 1899.

Construction Costs of Major Railway Lines

The following section summarises the cost of building the main State lines. Costs are shown in francs and include both total cost and cost per kilometre.

Examples include:

Roustchouk–Varna: 50,884,910 francs (228,686 francs/km)

Sofia–Roman: 27,685,434 francs (253,485 francs/km)

Jamboli–Bourgas: 11,085,706 francs (100,386 francs/km)

In total, the State invested over 151 million francs in the major lines, covering more than 1,200 kilometres of track.

Through Service Between the Bulgarian State Railways and the Imperial and Royal Danube Steam Navigation Company

General Tariff for Goods Transport

The through service between the Bulgarian State Railways and the Imperial and Royal Company for Steam Navigation on the Danube operates mainly through the ports of Somovit and Roustchouk. The general tariff for this service is similar to the tariff used in other international transport agreements. It covers a wide range of goods, including:

General goods of various kinds

Skins and hides, as well as other related products

Iron and metal items

Glass products

Pottery and porcelain

Cement and similar construction materials

Cereals and agricultural products

Mineral ores, stones, and related raw materials

Wood for building and construction

Exceptional Tariff

Some goods fall under exceptional tariffs because of their special nature, handling requirements, or commercial importance Local Ephesus Tour Guides. These include:

No. 1: Sugar

No. 11: Bones and related materials

No. 12: Beer and alcoholic beverages

No. 13: Flour and milling products

These exceptional tariffs help regulate costs and ensure proper processing of goods requiring special care.

Procedures for Collecting and Delivering Goods

Documentation and Transit Notes

The collection and delivery of goods are carried out using delivery or transit notes. These documents are exchanged:

Between the train guards and the station officials

Between the railway administrations of different countries at the frontier

This system ensures correct record-keeping, verification, and safe transfer of goods from one railway authority to another.

Packing Regulations

The method of packing goods on the Bulgarian State Railways follows the rules set out in:

The Railway Working Regulations, and

The Convention annexed to those Regulations

These standards ensure that goods are packed safely and consistently, especially when being transported across international borders.

Loading and Unloading Equipment

To handle goods, the Bulgarian State Railways use several types of equipment, including:

Wheelbarrows

Covers and protective sheets

Wooden bridges

Ladders

Ropes

Levers

Cranes

These tools help railway workers load and unload goods efficiently and safely. All procedures follow the guidelines contained in the official railway conventions and regulations.

Classification of Railway Stations in Bulgaria

The Bulgarian State Railways consist of 72 stations. For administrative purposes, they are divided into five classes, based on size, importance, and traffic volume.

1st Class Station

Sofia – the capital and main railway center

2nd Class Stations

Bourgas

Varna

Goraia-Ordhovitza

Katinetz

Plevna

Roustchouk

Tzaribrod

Yambol

3rd Class Stations

Bellovo

Eski-Djoumaya

Ichtiman

Comobal

Kaspitchan

Kostenetz-Bania

Mezdra-Vratza

Pernik

Poppovo

Razgrad

Roman

Tirnovo

Shoumen

4th and 5th Class Stations

21 stations belong to the 4th class

26 stations belong to the 5th class

These classifications help the railway administration manage resources, staffing, and services more effectively.

Special Goods and Tariffs in International Railway Services

Types of Goods with Specific Tariffs

Several types of goods receive special treatment because of their weight, fragility, or commercial value. These include:

Glass

Pottery and porcelain

Cement and stones

Lignite briquettes

Slates

Lithographic stones

Cardboard

Crystals of iron sulphate

Paper

Cotton fabrics

Linen fabrics

Wool

Wooden toys

These goods often fall under exceptional tariffs because they require careful handling, special packaging, or different transport conditions Local Ephesus Tour Guides.

Through Service Between Hungary and Bulgaria (via Somovit and Roustchouk)

Exceptional Tariff Categories

The railway services between Hungary and Bulgaria include several exceptional tariffs that apply to specific goods. These special tariffs help regulate prices for important commercial items transported across the border.

Exceptional Tariff No. 1–12 Include:

Sugar

Various kinds of goods

Mineral waters

Iron

Glass

Paper

Pottery and porcelain

Cement

Wooden furniture

Iron furniture

Agricultural machinery

Jute sacks

Exceptional Tariff No. 13–21 Include:

Starch

Extracts from oak and wood

Rope-making materials

Brushes

Lamps

Glue

Matches

British gum

Rock salt

These categories help ensure that the transport costs reflect the nature and handling needs of each product.

Through Service Between the Bulgarian State Railways and the Hungarian River and Maritime Navigation Company (via Somovit and Roustchouk)

General Tariff Structure

The general tariff includes:

Fast trains

Full rates

Reduced rates

Class I Goods

Goods trains

Class A

Class B

This structure applies to most domestic and international shipments.

Exceptional Tariffs for This Service

The following goods fall under special tariffs when transported through this joint service:

Sugar

Various goods

Skins and similar products

Iron and related materials

Paper

Tobacco

Salt

Cereals

Mineral ores

Wood for building

Bones

Cement and similar materials

Starch

Wine and alcohol

Empty sacks

Flour and related products

Pottery and porcelain

Through Service Between Roumania and Bulgaria (via the Danube)

This international service follows almost the same tariff rules as the service operated jointly by the Bulgarian State Railways and the Hungarian River and Maritime Navigation Company. Goods are handled under similar general and exceptional tariffs, ensuring continuity in pricing and regulation.

Local Railway Service and Goods Tariffs

General Tariff Overview

The general tariff covers the prices for transporting goods by fast trains and by goods trains. It is organized into several parts to help shippers understand how their cargo will be charged.

Fast Train Tariffs

Fast train tariffs include:

Full Tariff – the normal rate applied to most goods.

Reduced Tariff – for shipments over 5,000 kilograms, with no special conditions.

Partial Consignments – used when smaller quantities of goods are sent.

Goods Train Tariffs

For goods sent by regular goods trains, the following categories are used:

Full Rates – applied to normal shipments Local Ephesus Tour Guides.

Bulky Goods – items that take up extra space.

Class A, B, and C Goods – categories based on type, value, or handling needs.

1st and 2nd Class Goods – depending on priority or special requirements.

Exceptional Tariffs in Local Service

In addition to the general tariff, there are 17 exceptional tariffs for specific types of goods. These tariffs apply special rules or prices. They cover:

Live animals

Various goods

Alcohol, wine, vinegar

Cement, hydraulic lime

Salt

Cereals and oil-bearing grains

Flour and bran

Tobacco leaves

Timber for building

Eggs and dead poultry

Stones and similar materials

Explosives

Cheese and kashkaval

Vegetables and fruits

Iron, steel

Petroleum

Skins and intestines

Through Service with the Oriental Railways

General Tariff

The general tariff for through services is the same as for local services.

Special Tariffs

There are special tariffs for specific products in international transport between the Bulgarian State Railways and the Oriental Railways, including:

Live animals

Various goods

Beer

Wine and alcohol

Salt

Cereals

Flour and milling products

Bran

Building wood

Eggs

Building stone

Explosives

Through Service Between Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Turkey

General Tariff

The general tariff also remains the same as for local services.

Exceptional Tariffs

Many goods have exceptional tariffs in this international system, including:

Live animals

Alcohol, wine, vinegar

Mineral waters

Sugar

Iron and steel

Paper

Glass

Pottery

Cement

Furniture

Tobacco

Cereals and grains

Flour

Wood

Meat, eggs, poultry

Rolling stock

Petroleum

Chrome ores

Lead

Gypsum

Flammable materials

Cotton fabrics

Silk cocoons

Malt

Cork

Coal

Through Service Between Germany, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Turkey via Austria-Hungary

General Tariff Structure

The general tariff is divided into:

Ordinary Rates

Reduced Rates

Class I Goods

Fast Train and Goods Train Tariffs

Exceptional Tariffs

Exceptional tariffs cover a wide range of items such as:

Eggs and poultry

Live poultry

Lard

Prunes

Cereals and grains

Maize

Fresh fruit and vegetables

Ores

Tobacco

Beer

Machinery

Military rifles

Metals (iron, copper, lead)

Rolling stock

Zinc

And many other goods

Railway Tariffs and Passenger Regulations

General Information about Tariffs

All the railway tariffs include the cost of transporting a passenger’s luggage. Under tariffs * and A, the Bulgarian State Railways can issue tickets for travel to stations beyond Vienna. However, travel from Bulgaria to Vienna is covered by tariff C. For this reason, a passenger going from Sofia to London must have two separate tickets: one valid from Sofia to Vienna, and another for travel beyond Vienna.

Transport of Emigrants

The Bulgarian State Railways do not have any special rules or special prices for emigrants. Emigrants are treated the same as ordinary passengers and must buy regular tickets.

Passenger Reductions and Discounts

Groups Eligible for a 50% Reduction

A discount of 50% off the normal ticket price is offered to the following groups:

Children aged 4 to 10. No documents are required. Children under 4 travel for free if they do not occupy their own seat Local Ephesus Tour Guides.

Members of the military profession.

Students traveling individually. Students must show a certificate from their school authorities.

Seasonal workers, such as harvest workers, mowers, and masons, when traveling in groups of at least 40 people.

Members of scientific organizations, pilgrims, and theatrical groups, when traveling in parties of at least 20 people.

Railway employees, after they have already used their right to travel for free, and the members of their families. These individuals must show a card issued personally by the General Management.

Booking offices issue children’s and soldiers’ tickets without any special documents. Other categories must present the required certificates.

Students Traveling in Groups

When students travel in groups of at least 10 people and are accompanied by their teachers, they receive a 75% discount on the normal fare.

Free Travel

The following categories may travel free of charge on the State railways:

Government ministers and certain high officials.

Railway employees, in three cases:

While carrying out their official duties.

Twice a year when they are on official leave.

When they are newly appointed or dismissed.

People who may travel for free are given annual passes and special permits as proof of their right.