Bulgarian State Railways

The Workforce and Pricing of Bulgarian State Railways

Who Keeps the Trains Running The Railway Personnel

The Bulgarian State Railway system employs a large number of people to keep the national network running smoothly and efficiently. The entire staff consists of 2,384 employees. This large workforce is carefully divided into two primary groups: the Central Administration staff and the Working Departments staff Sofia City Tour.

The Central Administration has 197 officials and employees. These are the people who manage planning, paperwork, and high-level decisions from the main office in Sofia. The largest central teams are the Department of Traffic (54 people) and the Department of Commerce (43 people), which manage everything from setting train schedules to handling business contracts. The smaller teams like Maintenance and Traction focus on the technical oversight of the rail equipment and tracks from an administrative level. The staff is organized into many sections, including the Administrative Section, Section of Accounts, and the Section of Plant (which deals with physical assets).

The Operational Teams on the Ground

The vast majority of the staff, totaling 2,187 people, work in the Working Departments. These are the operational teams directly responsible for the trains, the tracks, and the stations, ensuring daily service runs well.

The single biggest group of employees is found in the Stations department, which has 707 employees. These are the customer-facing roles, including station masters, ticket agents, and platform staff. This large number shows a strong focus on serving passengers and managing the flow of people and goods at every stop.

Other critical operational departments include:

Maintenance (526 staff): These workers are essential for keeping the tracks safe, repairing infrastructure, and preventing breakdowns.

Traction (407 staff): This includes the engine drivers and the mechanical teams responsible for keeping the locomotives running.

Transports (412 staff): This team handles the logistics of moving freight and passengers.

Sanitation (22 staff): This small but vital team ensures health and cleanliness across the network.

This heavy investment in operational staff shows a strong commitment to both safety and service quality across the railway network.

Understanding Passenger Ticket Prices (Tariffs)

The ticket prices, or tariffs, for passenger transport are based on two main factors: the distance traveled between stations and the cost of existing transportation options. This process helps ensure that ticket prices are fair and competitive within the region.

The Bulgarian State Railways operates using a wide variety of tariffs, reflecting its critical position as a transit country in Europe. Beyond the basic Local Tariff (for travel only within Bulgaria), the system connects seamlessly with international routes through various agreements:

Neighboring Tariffs: Prices are set for travel connecting directly with the Oriental Railways, which often links towards Turkey.

Major European Connections: Specific tariffs cover travel to and from many European countries, including Austria-Hungary, Servia, Switzerland, and Turkey.

German Transit: Separate pricing structures manage passenger traffic flowing from both Northern Germany and Southern Germany toward the East.

Western Europe: Tariffs are also set for travel originating as far away as France and Belgium, outlining specific routes that cross Central Europe.

Maritime and River Links: Importantly, special tariffs exist for journeys that combine train travel with water transport. These connect the railway system with major shipping companies, such as the Austro-Hungarian Danube Steamship Company and the local Bulgarian Commercial Society for Navigation, allowing passengers to easily transfer between rail and river routes.

This complex system of tariffs highlights the international importance of the Bulgarian railway network in connecting Western Europe with the East.

Chambers of Commerce

The Success of the Chambers of Commerce

The Chambers of Commerce have fully justified the hopes of their founders. They have become the centers of all commercial and industrial activity in the country. Many useful laws and measures adopted by the National Assembly and the Government have come from the wise and active work of these Chambers.

The Chambers have played an important role in major national matters such as creating new customs tariffs and signing commercial treaties with other countries. Since their establishment, the development of industrial legislation has made great progress, giving a strong foundation to national industries and technical education.

The Creation of Inquiry Offices and Commercial Museums

In 1902, the Chambers of Commerce were expanded with the creation of inquiry offices and commercial museums. These new institutions were given the duty of providing information about the credit and reliability of local traders, as well as details about Bulgarian products Sofia City Tour.

Foreign business firms and manufacturers can easily obtain accurate and reliable information from these offices and museums. Even in their short existence, these institutions have already proven to be very useful for both local and international trade.

Funding of the Chambers of Commerce

The expenses of the Chambers of Commerce are covered by the traders themselves. They pay a special additional tax that is added to the regular tax on trades and professions. The total annual budget for the four Chambers of Commerce is about 140,000 francs.

The Role of the Commercial Museums

The Commercial Museums aim to help develop local industries and make trade with foreign countries easier. Their main responsibility is to guide traders in improving the quality and design of their goods. When traders send samples to the museum, experts can suggest how to make the products better and help connect them with potential buyers.

The museums also help promote high-quality products that can compete successfully with foreign goods. In addition, they keep collections of modern tools and machines bought from abroad. These collections are available to all traders and manufacturers who wish to study new methods and technological improvements.

Through these activities, the museums support the Chambers of Commerce in their mission to advance trade, industry, and education throughout the country.

Bulgarian Economic and Infrastructure

Bulgarian Economic and Infrastructure Development

The Role of the Commercial and Industrial Museum

The Bulgarian Commercial and Industrial Museum was established in June 1898. It is closely linked to the government, as it is attached to the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. This museum acts as more than just a place to see old items; it has a clear and active program to support local businesses and farmers.

The museum helps small traders by giving out loans, which allows them to get the necessary money to grow their companies. It also directly helps local industry by buying specific products, such as traditional tapestries, hats, and knives. By purchasing these items, the museum helps keep traditional Bulgarian crafts alive and profitable, ensuring that artisans can continue their work.

To support the farming community, the museum sells essential equipment. It offers machines and other farm implements at the lowest possible prices. This action makes it easier for farmers to buy the tools they need to improve their efficiency and grow better crops. The museum’s leader is an official from the Ministry, which ensures that its support efforts are well-coordinated with the national government’s trade and agricultural policies Sofia City Tour.

The Creation of a Dedicated Ministry for Infrastructure

Before 1894, all of Bulgaria’s public projects, including the management of the railways, were overseen by the Board of Public Works. This board was actually part of the Ministry of Finance. This setup meant that infrastructure was managed mostly through a financial lens.

However, in 1894, the government created a new, specialized office: the Ministry of Public Works, Roads, and Communications. This move signaled that managing roads, trains, and other communications was important enough to require its own dedicated government body.

Within this new Ministry, a separate department for railways was first established in 1901. This department was later reorganized in 1905 to become the General Board of State Railways and Ports. This change highlighted the government’s focus on developing modern, efficient transportation systems—both by land and by sea—to support the country’s growth.

How the Railway System Is Organized

The General Board of State Railways and Ports has a carefully planned central structure to manage the entire national system. The key officials who run the operation include a General Director (the main leader), an Assistant Director, an Engineer-in-Chief, and a Secretary.

Under the leadership team, the administration is divided into specialized departments. One major department is Traffic and Commerce. This group is vital for the business side of the railways and is divided into six important sections:

Tariffs: Setting the prices for carrying passengers and shipping goods.

Receipts Control: Checking the money coming in from tickets, luggage, and freight shipping.

Claims: Dealing with customer complaints about lost property or service issues.

Statistics: Collecting performance data to ensure the railway is working well.

Another crucial area is the department that handles Maintenance, Rolling-Stock, and Traction. This technical group ensures that all the trains are running and the tracks are safe. It includes sections for technical and financial planning, handling all accounts, and managing the inventories of all tools and supplies. This detailed organization helps keep Bulgaria’s railway system operating safely and efficiently.

The Role of the Agricultural Bank

The Role of the Agricultural Bank

The Agricultural Bank is one of the main institutions that help improve the country’s economy. As explained in the previous chapter, this bank plays a key role in supporting farmers and promoting agricultural growth. By offering loans and financial services to those working in agriculture, the bank helps increase production and strengthens rural development.

The Creation of the Chambers of Commerce

Another very useful institution was established by the law of December 20, 1894. At the suggestion of local merchants, the government decided to create Chambers of Commerce in the most important business centers of the country. These chambers were formed to represent and support traders, manufacturers, and business owners Sofia City Tour.

Today, there are Chambers of Commerce in Sofia, Plovdiv (formerly Philippopolis), Varna, and Ruse (formerly Roustchouk). These cities were chosen because they are key centers for trade and industry.

Relationship with the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture

The Chambers of Commerce operate under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. They must keep the Ministry informed about the commercial and industrial situation in their regions. They also give advice on matters related to trade, industry, and economic policy.

In general, their main goal is to promote commerce and to strengthen relations between Bulgarian and foreign merchants. The Chambers act as a consulting body for the Ministry, and government departments must seek their opinion when dealing with trade and industry issues.

Structure and Election of Members

Each Chamber of Commerce is made up of 32 members, who are elected by the majority of traders in the district. All traders over 25 years old, who enjoy full civil rights and pay at least 25 francs in taxes per year, have the right to vote and can be elected as members.

Half of the members leave office every four years, but they may be re-elected. The Chambers meet once a year to approve the annual budget and make decisions on important matters.

The Standing Committee

The work of the Chamber is carried out by a Standing Committee, which includes a President, Vice-President, and Secretary. The Secretary is a paid position, while the President and Vice-President serve voluntarily. The committee is elected every two years and ensures that all Chamber decisions are properly executed.

Governance and Economic Support

Bulgaria’s Local Governance and Economic Support

How Departmental Councils Are Funded and Organized

The regional governing bodies in Bulgaria are known as Departmental Councils. The money these councils use to operate mainly comes from a small extra tax that is added to the main State taxes. This allows them to have their own budget to work on local projects and improvements.

The members of the Departmental Councils are chosen through elections based on universal suffrage, meaning every eligible citizen gets to vote. In each department, three delegates (representatives) are elected for every 20,000 residents, including people of both sexes. These elected officials serve for a term of three years.

Each Council creates a small, dedicated team, often referred to as the Permanent Committee. This committee is responsible for the day-to-day operations and ensuring that the Council’s plans are successfully put into action Sofia City Tour.

The Strong Focus on Agriculture

The main task of the Permanent Committee is to focus on improving the agriculture, livestock, and general rural economy within the department. This group does not typically handle matters related to commerce (trade) or industry (manufacturing).

This strong focus on farming is logical and necessary. The members of the Permanent Committee are often farmers themselves, which means they are the people who have the most direct contact with the agricultural population. They deeply understand the needs of people working the land and can quickly address local problems.

In contrast, large-scale commerce and industry are usually looked after by the national government’s Ministry and by the Chambers of Commerce. This division of labor ensures that farming gets the specialized attention it needs at the local level, while other sectors receive support from national and industry-specific bodies.

Practical Support for Farmers and Technical Training

The Departmental Councils provide excellent, hands-on support for their agricultural communities. They regularly give out high-quality seeds to help farmers grow better crops. They also invest significant resources into improving the breeding of cattle and other livestock.

To motivate farmers to adopt new and better practices, the Councils organize competitive events. These competitions cover topics like poultry-rearing and fruit-growing. Furthermore, they offer scholarships to allow young people who want to become farmers to study modern methods at technical schools in foreign countries, bringing new knowledge back to Bulgaria.

The Permanent Committees also maintain and pay for local technical schools. For example, the Departmental Council of Sofia has supported three model schools, a specialized workshop in Trun for making traditional Oriental carpets, and two carpentry shops in Koprivshtitsa and Etropole. These special courses combine classroom lessons with hands-on training and have been very successful in updating and improving long-established Bulgarian trades.

The Role of Local Parish Councils

The scope of the smaller Parish Councils (local town or village councils) concerning commerce and industry is similar to the Departmental Councils, but on a much reduced scale. They focus on local economic issues within their immediate parish area. When a Parish Council does not have enough funds to complete important local work, the larger Departmental Council provides subsidies (financial aid) to help those communities.

Law on Trades

The Law on Trades and Professional Syndicates (1904)

A special law passed on January 23, 1904, established new rules for the organization of trades and professional syndicates in Bulgaria. This law was based on the experience gained under an earlier law on the same subject. Its main purpose was not only to support artisans but also to ensure fair organization, cooperation, and protection within each trade.

Purpose of the Law

The law encourages artisans and tradespeople to form separate guilds or corporations. These organizations help to:

Prevent unfair competition among workers in the same trade,

Improve the quality and reputation of their craft,

Create funds for mutual insurance, assistance, and small business loans, and

Promote cooperation and solidarity among artisans.

Through such organization, every craft or profession becomes more disciplined, transparent, and better able to protect its members’ interests.

Certificates and Professional Requirements

Under this law, no one may legally practise a trade without first obtaining a certificate issued by the syndic (head) of the relevant guild. To receive this certificate, the applicant must prove sufficient knowledge and skill in the trade they wish to pursue Tours Sofia.

This rule helps maintain professional standards and ensures that only qualified individuals work in each occupation, protecting both consumers and honest craftsmen.

Employers, Apprentices, and Contracts

Several clauses in the law deal with the relationship between employers and apprentices or pupils. It requires that all apprenticeships be based on written contracts that clearly state the rights and duties of both sides.

This system benefits everyone:

Employers are guaranteed a steady supply of well-trained apprentices, and

Apprentices are protected from mistreatment, overwork, or unfair dismissal by their masters.

Thus, the law builds a more stable and just working environment for young people learning a trade.

Improving Handicrafts and Technical Education

Another important goal of the 1904 law is to develop handicrafts and improve technical skills. It promotes the creation of technical schools, trade exhibitions, and competitions to encourage innovation and quality craftsmanship.

Many co-operative societies and mutual aid associations have grown out of the guilds’ initiatives. These institutions help workers save money, access credit, and support one another in times of need.

Future Improvements

While this law marked great progress for the organization of trades, more practical measures are still needed to improve the daily lives and working conditions of artisans. The hope is that the National Assembly will soon pass additional laws to strengthen the rights, education, and financial stability of Bulgaria’s skilled workers.

Government Contracts with Manufacturers

Under the Law for the Encouragement of Bulgarian Commerce and Industry, the State, the provinces (departments), and the local parishes may enter into contracts with manufacturers who enjoy special privileges under the law.

These contracts allow the government and local authorities to buy goods directly from such factories for a period of five to ten years. The purpose of this arrangement is to support national industries by guaranteeing them regular orders for essential products. It also helps ensure that the country depends less on imported goods and strengthens the market for Bulgarian-made products Tours Sofia.

Exclusive Manufacturing Rights

The law also provides for exclusive rights of manufacture in certain regions. This privilege may be granted for up to thirty years to factories that produce specific goods of great national importance. These exclusive rights mean that no other company within that district can manufacture the same type of product during that time.

Industries that may receive these exclusive rights include:

Sugar and sugar-based products.

Silk, cotton, linen, and hemp fabrics and threads.

Rope-making.

Petroleum refineries and related products.

Animal, mineral, and vegetable oils.

Preserved foods and slaughterhouses.

Cattle-fattening facilities for meat export.

Pasta and flour-based foods.

Basket-making.

Fine leather for shoes.

Marble, granite, and stone products.

Ironworks, foundries, and vehicle construction.

Paper, wood pulp, and cardboard.

Glass production.

Artificial dyes, fertilizers, and laboratory chemicals.

Turpentine, cement, lime, and plaster of Paris.

Other new industries that are considered useful to the nation by the Ministerial Council may also receive this privilege.

Application and Approval Process

Manufacturers who wish to obtain exclusive manufacturing rights must apply to the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. Their application must include detailed plans, cost estimates, and production information.

Once the Ministry reviews the proposal, it submits its opinion to the Ministerial Council, which decides whether to grant the privilege. The decision depends on whether the proposed enterprise is considered beneficial to the country’s economy and employment.

Impact on Industrial Growth

The goal of these measures is to encourage the creation of new industries and support entrepreneurial initiative. By offering long-term contracts, tax relief, and exclusive rights, the government makes it easier for investors to start factories and take business risks.

As a result, Bulgaria hopes to develop its young industries, reduce its dependence on imported goods, and create more jobs for local workers. These laws show the government’s commitment to building a strong, self-sufficient national economy and rewarding those who contribute to its growth.

Requirements for Special Privileges

The special privileges under the Law for the Encouragement of Bulgarian Commerce and Industry are granted only to certain types of enterprises that meet specific conditions.

To qualify, an enterprise must:

Use at least 5 horsepower of mechanical energy,

Employ at least fifteen regular workers for six months or more each year, and

Use machinery and tools worth at least 20,000 francs.

Only industries that meet these requirements and are included in the law can enjoy special privileges.

List of Eligible Industries

The following industries are eligible for special privileges:

Sugar, chocolate, glucose, and other sugar-based products.

Spinning, weaving, and machine knitting using wool, silk, cotton, hemp, or jute; also tapestry making.

Rope-making.

Pottery and ceramic products such as stoves, drainpipes, water pipes, firebricks, and Marseilles tiles.

Construction of carts, carriages, and other vehicles Tours Sofia.

Mines, marble and granite quarries, and metallurgical industries.

Stone-cutting and finishing (including marble and granite).

Production of cement, chalk, gypsum, asphalt, and similar materials.

Food preservation, slaughterhouses, facilities for fattening animals before meat processing, and use of waste products from slaughterhouses.

Milling and flour-based food production.

Paper and wood-pulp manufacturing.

Ironworks and foundries.

Petroleum refineries and related products.

Production of chemical goods, matches, fertilizers, and artificial dyes.

Soap and candle making.

Glass production.

Tanneries and leather processing.

Dye works and fabric coloring.

Beer brewing, alcohol and brandy distilling.

Furniture making, wood-carving, and carpentry.

Production of oils (animal or vegetable).

Electric power installations.

Silk-worm culture and silk production.

Additional Enterprises Eligible for Privileges

Any other industrial enterprise that is new to Bulgaria, meets the conditions of Article 15, and is considered useful by the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, may also receive special privileges.

Special Advantages Granted to These Enterprises

Eligible enterprises enjoy several financial and operational benefits, including:

(a) Exemption from Import Taxes

No customs or local taxes (octroi) are charged on raw or semi-processed materials that cannot be found in Bulgaria or are available only in small quantities.

(b) Exemption from Building Taxes

Factory buildings are free from the usual building taxes and additional local charges (centimes).

(c) Exemption from Patent Fees

Enterprises are not required to pay patent registration fees or related additional taxes.

(d) Stamp Duty Exemption

The original company shares are exempt from stamp duties.

(e) Reduced Coal Prices

Factories can buy coal from State-owned mines at reduced prices, as decided by the Ministerial Council.

(f) Reduced Railway Transport Rates

Raw materials, building supplies, and manufactured goods are transported by State railways at 35% lower rates than normal prices.

(g) Free Use of Natural Materials

Factories may use State-owned land to collect stones, sand, gravel, clay, and similar materials for free, as long as these materials are needed for construction or production.

Through these privileges, the Bulgarian government aimed to attract investors, encourage industrial growth, and support new enterprises that used local resources. The combination of tax relief, cheaper transport, and access to raw materials helped Bulgaria build a stronger foundation for national industry and economic independence.

Purpose of the Law

According to Clause 1 of the Law for the Encouragement of Bulgarian Commerce and Industry, any industrial enterprise that is useful to the country can receive special privileges under the law. These enterprises must contribute to the national economy by using local raw materials, labour, fuel, or energy, or by reducing the prices of products for consumers.

The law divides these benefits into two groups:

General privileges, which apply to all industrial enterprises.

Special privileges, which are granted only to specific industries listed in the law.

Industries receiving special privileges can enjoy them for ten to thirty years, depending on their importance and contribution to the country’s development Daily Sofia Tour.

General Privileges for All Industries

All industrial enterprises in Bulgaria may receive the following general advantages:

(a) Use of Water Power

Factories may use public water-power sources for free, as long as these are not located on private property.

(b) Customs Exemption for Machinery

Industries are exempt from customs duties on machinery, machine parts, tools, and equipment necessary for setting up their enterprise. This exemption applies only to goods that are not produced in Bulgaria and come from countries that have commercial treaties with Bulgaria.

(c) Exemption for Building Materials

Factories do not have to pay customs duties on construction materials that are not available or produced in Bulgaria and are essential for building the factory and its facilities.

(d) Exemption for Imported Raw Materials

If a business imports raw materials to process and then exports the finished goods, it does not have to pay customs duties on those raw materials.

(e) Free Grant of Land

The government, province, or local parish may grant free land for factory construction. The size of the land depends on the needs of the enterprise but cannot exceed five decares.

(f) Reduced Railway Transport Rates

Machinery, tools, fuel, and other factory materials will be transported on State railways at a rate 35% below the regular price.

Support for Local Production

Article 8 of the law strengthens national industry by requiring that all public institutions buy products made in Bulgaria, even when local goods cost up to 15% more than similar foreign products.

This rule ensures steady demand for Bulgarian-made goods, encourages the growth of domestic industries, and helps the country become less dependent on imports.

Annual Reports from Inspectors and Labour Committees

Factory inspectors and labour committees must send yearly reports of their work to the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. The Ministry then publishes these reports, which include a large amount of information about factory conditions, employment, and workers’ safety. Over time, these reports will help the government understand what further steps are needed to improve labour laws and protect workers’ rights.

The Beginning of Labour Legislation

As mentioned before, the law concerning the employment of women and children is only the first step in a broader plan for labour reform. At present, the employment of adult workers is not heavily regulated. However, the need for general labour laws that protect all workers is becoming more and more obvious. The government expects that such legislation will soon be necessary as the economy continues to grow Daily Sofia Tour.

The 1905 Law Encouraging Commerce and Industry

The Law Encouraging Bulgarian Commerce and Industry, passed in 1905, also contributed to the protection of workers. This law requires employers who receive certain government benefits or privileges to create an insurance fund for the employees in their businesses. Workers also contribute to this fund through small deductions from their wages. The detailed rules about how this insurance system will work are being written in special regulations that are still under preparation.

Bill on Agricultural Labourers

In 1904, the Ministry presented a bill about agricultural labourers, but it has not yet been approved by the National Assembly. The bill aims to clearly define the rights and duties of landowners and farm workers. It allows both sides to make their own agreements but also seeks to ensure that there are enough farm workers available. Moreover, it tries to protect these workers from being unfairly treated or exploited by some landowners.

Labour Laws and Economic Development

This short overview shows that Bulgaria’s labour legislation is gradually adapting to new economic conditions. The system is not yet complete because the country’s industries are still developing. Most local industries are too young to handle all the financial costs that strong labour protection laws might bring. For now, they still need support and encouragement from the state.

However, it is equally important to recognize that protecting workers must remain a priority. Labour is the foundation of national progress, and social problems can only be prevented by reasonable and timely actions. With thoughtful planning, the country can balance industrial growth with fair treatment and safety for its workers.

Guiding Principles of Economic Policy

The main goal of any sound economic policy is to direct a nation’s productive forces toward useful and well-organized work. This progress, however, cannot be achieved all at once. It must happen gradually, taking into account the local conditions and needs of the country at each stage of development.

These same principles guide the Bulgarian Government in shaping its future labour and industrial legislation. The government aims to create conditions where national industries can grow steadily and workers can find stable, productive employment.

Industrial Legislation in Bulgaria

Bulgaria’s Agricultural Foundation

Bulgaria has long been an agricultural country, with its main exports consisting of cereals and livestock. In contrast, most of the country’s imports are manufactured goods, either because they are not produced locally or because local production is too small to meet demand.

Despite this, the global trend among modern nations is to develop domestic industries that can produce essential goods for home use. These industries not only reduce dependence on foreign imports but also create diverse job opportunities for citizens. Bulgaria is following this same path Daily Sofia Tour.

The Effort to Build National Industry

Bulgarian leaders have long understood that the country’s future prosperity depends on having strong national industries alongside agriculture. To achieve this, the Legislative Assembly and the Government have worked together to encourage and protect local manufacturing.

The first step was to support industries that could take root and grow successfully. To attract investment and private capital, the government offered special benefits and privileges to entrepreneurs who were willing to start or expand local industries. These included tax advantages and other financial incentives designed to ensure fair profit for investors.

Laws Encouraging Local Industry

The Law for the Encouragement of Local Industry, passed on December 20, 1894, and its supplementary law of 1896, were the first major steps toward this goal. Later, on January 25, 1905, a new and broader law titled “Law for the Encouragement of Bulgarian Commerce and Industry” replaced the earlier ones. It officially came into force on March 26, 1905.

This 1905 law strengthened the same principles of protection and promotion introduced in 1894. It aimed to expand Bulgaria’s industrial base, support entrepreneurs, and balance agriculture with manufacturing.

A Step Toward Economic Independence

Alongside industrial development, Bulgaria also began preparing a new customs tariff policy. This policy became the foundation for negotiations with European countries to form new trade agreements. The ultimate goal was to make Bulgaria economically independent, capable of supporting both its agriculture and industry without relying heavily on foreign imports.

Right to Weekly Rest

Women of all ages and children under fifteen have the right to one full day of rest each week. In most cases, this rest day is Sunday. According to Bulgarian law, all industrial workplaces must close on that day. This rule helps protect the health and well-being of women and children who work in factories or workshops.

The 1905 Law on Factory Conditions

The law passed in 1905 includes important rules about health and safety in factories. It aims to make working conditions better for all employees. However, the law does not clearly explain how workers should be insured against accidents that happen during work.

Article 24 of the same law states that the fines collected from factory owners who break the law should be used to create a special fund. This fund will later help support insurance for workers in cases of accidents or old age. A separate law will be needed to set up this insurance system officially Daily Sofia Tour.

Supervision and Labour Inspection

The Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture is responsible for making sure that the laws protecting women and children are properly followed. To help with this task, a special Labour Inspection Department is being created.

At the moment, the Ministry supervises working conditions through labour committees in different towns. Each committee has five members: the town’s mayor, the local doctor, the district school inspector, the district engineer, and a representative of the local trade unions. These committees have the same authority as factory inspectors. They can either work together or assign one or more members to investigate a specific case.

Penalties for Breaking the Law

Factory inspectors are allowed to record all violations of labour laws. Their reports are accepted as official evidence in court. Employers who break the rules can be fined between 15 and 50 francs. For more serious violations, the fine can reach up to 500 francs, but it cannot exceed that amount.

Any breach of the laws that protect the health and safety of workers is punished more strictly, with fines ranging from 50 to 500 francs. These penalties encourage factory owners to follow the rules and maintain safe and fair working conditions.

Regulations on Home and Industrial Employment

Home Work vs. Industrial Work

The 1905 Labour Law did not directly apply to simple home-based work, such as family weaving, tailoring, or other small domestic crafts. However, when such home employment expanded into a larger industrial enterprise, the law came into effect.

If more than five women or children were employed—not counting family members—the enterprise was legally considered an industrial establishment, and all the rules of Article 2 and the entire labour law applied in full.

The law therefore made a clear distinction between family labour, which was more personal and domestic, and industrial labour, where non-family workers were employed and wages were paid. This was important to ensure that the protection offered by the law covered all workplaces where child or women’s labour could be abused Daily Sofia Tour.

Protection from Dangerous Work

The law also included health protections. It specifically stated that no worker under the age of eighteen, whether male or female, could be employed in factories or workshops where the work was dangerous or harmful to health. These included industries that used chemicals, excessive heat, or toxic substances.

This rule was made to protect the physical well-being of young people, whose bodies were still developing, and to prevent long-term harm caused by unsafe working conditions.

Working Hours and Rest Periods

The law introduced clear limits on working hours:

Children up to the age of fifteen could not work more than eight hours per day.

Women of all ages were limited to a maximum of ten hours per day.

To protect workers from exhaustion, the law also required that women and children must be given a rest period after five continuous hours of work. This break was meant to reduce fatigue and protect health, especially for those working in factories with long shifts or physically demanding labour.

Night Work Restrictions

One of the most progressive parts of the 1905 law was its ban on night work. It stated that:

Women of all ages were absolutely forbidden to work at night.

Children under fifteen were also not allowed to work during the night.

However, this particular rule was to come into full effect only five years after the publication of the law, to give employers time to adapt.

Limited Exceptions

There were a few exceptions to the night work rule. For example, boys aged thirteen and above could work at night only during periods of exceptional demand, such as harvest or urgent production times. Even then, these cases were strictly limited and required supervision.

In factories that operated continuously, day and night, children could be employed up to eleven o’clock at night, but they had to be given at least eight hours of rest before starting work again the next day.

Through these detailed rules, the 1905 Bulgarian Labour Law sought to protect women and children from overwork, exploitation, and unsafe conditions. It represented an important step toward modern social legislation in Bulgaria.

By distinguishing between family and industrial work, limiting daily hours, banning night shifts, and protecting young workers from dangerous environments, the law reflected Bulgaria’s growing commitment to social justice, public health, and humane industrial progress.

The Use of Power in Bulgarian Factories

In most Bulgarian factories at the beginning of the 20th century, water power was still the main source of energy. Many factories were built near rivers to take advantage of this natural resource. However, electricity was beginning to replace water power in several industrial centers. For example, in Gabrovo and Sliven, two of the most active textile towns, electric motors were already being used in most textile factories. This marked the beginning of a slow but steady transition toward more modern industrial practices.

Nationality and Composition of Workers

Earlier, we discussed the total number of factory workers in Bulgaria. Out of 6,149 persons employed (not including 877 owners and managers), only 399 workers were foreign nationals, among whom eight were women. This shows that the Bulgarian workforce was largely made up of native citizens, and the role of foreign labor in the country’s industrial sector was still quite small Private Sofia Tours.

Education of Industrial Workers

Education levels among industrial workers were still limited. Of the total number of employees:

4,114 workers had received some level of education.

3,035 workers (including 1,265 men and 770 women) were illiterate.

This means that about 30% of all workers could neither read nor write. The figures highlight the need for better access to education in order to support industrial progress and efficiency.

Property Ownership Among Workers

The economic condition of factory workers was also modest. Most employees did not own property. The table below summarizes their financial situation:

Property Status Men Women Total Percentage

No property 3,291 1,663 4,954 80.56%

Own a house 249 61 310 5.04%

Own a house and other property 725 10 735 11.95%

Own other property, but no house 146 4 150 2.45%

Total 4,411 1,738 6,149 100%

From this, it is clear that four out of five workers had no property at all. Only a small minority owned houses or other assets, showing that industrial laborers lived in humble conditions, depending almost entirely on their wages.

Age and Working Hours

Although exact details are provided elsewhere, records show that the majority of workers were young adults, typically between 18 and 40 years old. The average working day lasted 10 to 12 hours, which was common for industrial labor during that time. Labor laws and protections were still developing, so working conditions were often difficult.

The Growth of Bulgarian Industry

In summary, the industrial development of Bulgaria at this period had made significant progress within a relatively short time. Factories were expanding, electric power was spreading, and local industries were beginning to compete with foreign goods.

However, the industrial class remained poor, education levels were low, and labor conditions were still hard. Despite these challenges, the signs of growth were strong. Based on this progress, it was reasonable to believe that within a few decades, Bulgarian industry would double or even triple in size, helping to modernize the entire nation.

The Present State of Bulgarian Industry

Although exact statistics on Bulgarian industry at the time were not always available, it was already clear that the country had made significant progress. Each factory or workshop considered here had a minimum capital of 25,000 francs and employed at least 20 workers. From this, we can see that Bulgarian industries were becoming quite important.

Some factories were much larger, employing 200 to 300 workers each. In addition to these, there were countless small enterprises across the country that were not included in the official count. For example, in the Sofia Chamber of Commerce region alone, there were more than 500 workshops, including 108 carpenters’ shops.

Industrial Establishments in 1907

By December 31, 1907, Bulgaria had 166 industrial establishments, distributed among several sectors:

3 Mining industries

8 Metallurgical industries

6 Ceramic factories

15 Chemical industries

57 Food and beverage industries (including breweries and distilleries)

51 Textile factories

8 Furniture-making workshops

13 Leather industries

1 Paper mill

4 Miscellaneous industries

Capital Investment by Industry

The total capital invested in these industries amounted to 30,599,432.79 francs. The breakdown is shown below:

Industry Number of Factories Total Capital (francs) % of Total Average per Factory (francs)

Food & Brewing 56 14,375,543.51 46.98% 256,706.13

Textiles 45 6,603,526.41 21.58% 146,745.03

Ceramics 6 1,926,690.87 6.30% 321,149.61

Chemicals 13 1,338,962.25 4.38% 102,997.10

Mining 3 774,077.52 2.53% 258,025.87

Leather 12 685,180.00 2.14% 54,598.33

Furniture 8 599,616.55 1.92% 73,702.07

Metallurgical 6 331,246.34 1.08% 55,208.00

Paper 1 185,433.00 0.61% 185,433.00

Miscellaneous 4 3,818,946.34 12.46% 954,736.59

Total 154 30,599,432.79 100% —

Dominant Sectors

The food and brewing industry held the first place in terms of capital investment. This included mills, breweries, and distilleries, which were vital for both domestic consumption and export. The textile industry ranked second, reflecting Bulgaria’s long tradition in weaving and cloth production. The ceramics industry came third, showing growth in pottery and brickmaking enterprises Private Sofia Tours.

Employment in Industry

As of January 1, 1905, the total number of people employed in these factories was 7,026, including both owners and workers. Among them, 677 were owners or managers, while the rest were regular employees or laborers. This demonstrates that industry was becoming a growing source of employment and income in Bulgaria.

By the early 20th century, Bulgaria’s industrial base had grown steadily from small local workshops into a network of modern, capitalized enterprises. The rise of industries such as textiles, food processing, and ceramics marked a turning point in the nation’s economic history. Though agriculture still dominated, these early factories laid the foundation for Bulgaria’s transformation into an industrial economy in the years to come.

Employment and Wool Production in Bulgaria

Around three thousand workers—including men, women, and children—were employed in Bulgaria’s textile and weaving industries at the beginning of the 20th century. The country owned about seven million sheep, which produced roughly 120,000 kilograms of wool each year.

However, this amount of wool was not enough to meet the growing needs of Bulgaria’s factories. To continue production, manufacturers had to import wool from foreign markets. Over the years, the importation of wool increased steadily, as shown in the table below.

Imports of Wool (1893–1904)

The table below summarizes the import of natural, washed, and carded wool in kilograms and francs:

Year Natural Wool (kg) Value (Frs) Washed Wool (kg) Value (Frs) Carded Wool (kg) Value (Frs)

1904 468,676 561,295 8,881 23,042 1,322 2,540

1903 299,082 359,082 11,613 39,414 4,088 17,869

1902 311,128 369,578 21,626 62,164 20,994 54,491

1901 237,447 279,832 92,376 258,421 2,056 7,193

1900 52,337 55,134 22,362 79,510 22 79

1899 37,042 42,607 15,139 43,616 105 425

1898 54,621 52,112 79,455 225,379 14 45

1897 138,875 155,029 17,174 52,574 7,154 21,640

1896 107,861 123,641 11,728 37,219 40 335

1895 313,216 351,428 37,633 110,835 9 45

1894 540,063 605,317 38,615 60,636 5,164 17,643

1893 328,162 295,804 9,216 9,297 1,128 2,599

Most natural wool imported came from Romania, while washed wool was mainly supplied by Austria, Germany, France, and Belgium.

Growth in Bulgarian Textile Exports

As expected, with the expansion of Bulgaria’s weaving and spinning industries, the export of finished cloth and textile products increased every year. Bulgarian cloths, serges, braids, and dyed fabrics became well known in neighboring markets Sightseeing Sofia.

The following table shows the rise in exports between 1893 and 1904:

Year Coarse Cloths (kg) Value (Frs) Serges (kg) Value (Frs)

1904 51,319 121,843 264,870 1,130,528

1903 57,015 133,999 329,510 1,631,860

1902 81,475 161,266 397,661 1,601,639

1901 62,149 173,324 391,705 1,577,497

1900 57,793 143,309 335,778 1,376,896

Exports of braids and dyed cloths also rose steadily, reaching markets across the Balkan region and Western Europe.

A Rising Industrial Power

These figures clearly show that Bulgaria’s textile industry was rapidly developing at the start of the 20th century. Despite limited natural resources, the industry grew through imported raw materials, local skill, and hard work. The combination of national effort and international trade helped Bulgaria become a major weaving center in the Balkans.

If supported by continued investment and improved technology, the Bulgarian textile sector could soon compete with other European industries in both quality and production capacity.

Growth of Modern Weaving in Bulgaria

Because of the early success of traditional weaving, some private individuals in 1880 decided to establish modern workshops and factories in Bulgaria. This marked the beginning of the country’s move from small-scale home weaving to large-scale industrial textile production.

The first examples came from the towns of Gabrovo and Sliven, which became pioneers in modern manufacturing. Both towns built large factories that were equipped and managed according to the most modern industrial methods of the time. Following their example, other towns also began to open textile factories, including Samokov and Kazanlik.

Thanks to this rapid progress, Bulgaria soon became the leading country in weaving on the Balkan Peninsula Sightseeing Sofia.

Statistics on the Bulgarian Weaving Industry

The table below shows some interesting statistics about the weaving industry in Bulgaria at that time:

Town Number of Factories Number of Spindles Hydraulic Horsepower Steam Horsepower Power Looms Hand Looms

Gabrovo 7 6,400 385 370 92 —

Sliven 14 8,016 200 240 85 121

Samokov 2 1,020 65 16 15 —

Karlovo 1 1,244 40 80 12 —

Kazanlik 1 850 — 100 8 —

Kotel 1 300 10 — — 6

Total 26 17,830 700 806 212 127

These figures show how quickly the weaving industry developed within a short period. The total value of all weaving sheds and factories was estimated at around 5,500,000 francs, which was a very large amount at that time.

Bulgarian Capital and National Effort

An important fact is that the entire capital invested in these factories was Bulgarian. It came from the hard work, savings, and persistence of Bulgarian citizens rather than from foreign investors. This proves the strong entrepreneurial spirit of the Bulgarian people, who were determined to build their own industries despite limited resources.

However, it is also true that if foreign capital had been involved, the industry might have developed even faster and on a larger scale. To attract future investors, the Bulgarian government introduced a protectionist tariff, which aimed to safeguard and encourage national industries, especially textiles.

A Promising Future for Bulgarian Weaving

The success of the weaving industry in towns like Gabrovo and Sliven demonstrates Bulgaria’s ability to combine traditional skill with modern industrial methods. With continued support from the government, investment in technology, and better access to capital, Bulgaria’s textile sector could grow into one of the strongest in Southeastern Europe.

Bulgarias Future

The Importance of Industry for Bulgaria’s Future

One of the most important questions for Bulgaria’s future is whether the country will remain mainly agricultural or become industrialized. For the past several years, Bulgarian economists have debated this issue, but there is still no clear answer.

Many experts believe that Bulgaria lacks some of the conditions necessary for the development of strong national industries. They argue that because of its traditions, geography, and economy, Bulgaria will continue to be primarily an agricultural country. However, even these experts must admit that the forces of modern progress will eventually push Bulgaria toward industrial growth.

As the country improves its methods of farming and adopts modern technology, it will naturally need to expand into industrial production, just as other European nations—such as France, Germany, and Italy—have done. Industry and agriculture can support each other: improved farming creates more raw materials, and developing industries provide tools and goods for better agriculture Sofia Sightseeing.

The Origins of Bulgarian Manufacturing

The oldest Bulgarian industry is weaving, which has existed since ancient times. For centuries, weaving was practiced as a home-based craft in many Bulgarian towns and villages. Farmers and their families used local wool to make cloths, carpets, braids, and serges, which were widely known and respected throughout the Ottoman Empire.

Weaving was not only a household activity but also a source of trade and income. Bulgarian woven goods were appreciated for their strength, color, and quality, and they were exported to many regions, including Greece, Asia Minor, Pirot, Niš, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.

Important Weaving Centers

Several towns became well-known centers of weaving and textile production. Among the most famous were Pirdop, Panagyurishte, Karlovo, Sopot, Koprivshtitsa, Klisura, Kalofer, Gabrovo, Tryavna, Sliven, Kotel, and Samokov.

During Turkish rule, many of these towns supplied cloth for the Ottoman army, and Bulgarian textiles gained an excellent reputation. The skill of Bulgarian weavers and the quality of their woolen fabrics made them highly competitive even in foreign markets.

A Country in Transition

Today, as Bulgaria continues to modernize, the country faces a critical choice—to remain focused on agriculture or to build a balanced economy that includes both farming and manufacturing. The history of Bulgarian weaving shows that the nation already has a strong foundation in craftsmanship and production. With education, investment, and technology, Bulgaria has the potential to become not only a prosperous agricultural country but also an emerging industrial nation.

Future of Handicrafts in Bulgaria

It is natural to ask whether a country like Bulgaria, which was still developing after its liberation, could maintain and expand small industries and handicrafts—especially if these were protected only by artificial state restrictions. The answer to this question is both yes and no, depending on how quickly the nation’s productive forces grow compared to its new social and economic needs.

While it may be difficult for small workshops to compete with large factories, it is still possible for handicrafts to survive, though they may take on a new form. They might adapt to modern conditions by improving their quality, focusing on unique or traditional products, or working together in small cooperatives. In this way, handicrafts will not completely disappear but will continue to exist alongside new types of manufacturing.

Handicrafts in Modern Economic Development

Even in older and more industrialized countries, handicrafts have not been destroyed by modern industry. For more than fifty years, capitalist manufacturing has existed in Western Europe, and yet many traditional crafts still survive. They have changed in character, using new tools and methods, but their creative and cultural value remains.

This shows that the development of large-scale industry does not automatically mean the end of small-scale production. Instead, it often leads to a division of labor, where factories produce mass goods while artisans focus on fine or custom-made items.

Gradual Change, Not Sudden Disappearance

In Bulgaria, economic growth will certainly influence all existing forms of production. Some trades will disappear entirely because they can no longer compete with machines or imported goods. Others will improve and reach a higher level of skill and organization, and still others will merge into larger manufacturing enterprises Sofia Sightseeing.

However, this transformation will not happen quickly or suddenly, as some people in Bulgaria once believed. Economic change is a gradual process, shaped by education, investment, technology, and consumer demand. To expect immediate results would be to misunderstand the basic principles of political economy.

Therefore, while Bulgaria’s economic development will undoubtedly bring change, handicrafts will not vanish overnight. Instead, they will evolve, adapt, and continue to play an important role in preserving national traditions and providing livelihoods for skilled workers.

Traditional Handicrafts in Bulgaria

Decline of Traditional Handicrafts in Bulgaria

According to information provided by the Chamber of Commerce of Sofia, in the year 1876, which was two years before Bulgaria’s liberation, there were around sixty soap-makers in the town. However, by 1896, even though the population had increased four times, only four or five soap-makers remained.

A similar decline was seen in other towns. At Stara Zagora, before the war, there were about 2,500 weaving sheds producing coarse cloth. Today, only thirty of them still exist. In Pirdop, spinning was once the town’s main home industry. Before the war, it was carried on in about 700 households, but now it continues in only twenty or thirty homes.

This pattern was repeated across the country. Many traditional trades and small industries could not survive the arrival of modern industrial production methods. As a result, the number of independent artisans continued to fall year after year.

Causes of the Decline

The decline of handicrafts naturally led to the poverty of many skilled workers who depended on their trades for a living. The government soon realized that it needed to take action to protect these people. This marked the beginning of labor legislation in Bulgaria — laws designed to help workers and improve their conditions.

However, the government misunderstood the true reasons behind the decline. It believed that handicrafts were suffering because of decentralization, or the breaking up of traditional centers of work. In reality, the problem was an economic necessity — a natural result of social and industrial change. Modern machines, large-scale factories, and cheaper imported goods made it impossible for small artisans to compete.

Government Efforts and Their Limitations

The government passed several laws to support handicrafts and small producers, which helped calm public opinion for a short time. However, these measures did not lead to any real improvement in the situation Sofia Sightseeing.

At the same time, the Bulgarian government tried to negotiate a commercial treaty with Austria-Hungary, one of its strongest economic competitors. The goal was to protect local industries from foreign goods. Unfortunately, these efforts failed, and foreign products continued to enter Bulgaria freely.

Because of this, traditional Bulgarian crafts continued to decline, and the dream of reviving local industry remained unfulfilled. The experience showed that economic progress could not be achieved through protection laws alone—it required modernization, education, and investment in new technology.

Handicraft

Understanding the Meaning of “Handicraft”

Before we discuss handicrafts in Bulgaria, it is important to understand what the word actually means. In Bulgaria, any permanent occupation or skilled trade is called a handicraft. A person who practices a handicraft is known as an artisan. An artisan is someone who spends his time working in a specific trade, either alone or with the help of workers and apprentices.

To become a master craftsman, a person must first work as an apprentice, learning the skills of the trade from a master. After that, he must gain experience as a workman. Only when he has reached a high level of skill can he receive a certificate that proves his ability and allows him to become a master himself.

The Role of Guilds

Every craft or trade was traditionally represented by a guild. A guild was an organization of artisans from the same profession, such as shoemakers, blacksmiths, or carpenters. The guild created rules for how the trade should be practiced, including standards of quality, prices, and training for new apprentices. These guilds also protected the interests of their members and helped maintain professional pride and community spirit among craftsmen Sofia Sightseeing.

The Decline of Handicrafts

For the past twenty-five years, handicrafts in Bulgaria have been steadily declining. Today, only in a few small or remote towns can we still find artisans working in the traditional way. This decline began soon after Bulgaria gained political independence.

Several major changes took place. Western European industrial production began to influence the country. Large family estates were divided as patriarchal family systems disappeared, and many people moved from villages to towns. At the same time, Bulgaria opened its markets to international trade, allowing many foreign products to enter the country.

The Impact of Modernization

With these changes, Bulgarian society experienced a complete transformation. The new political system, the new administration, and the rise in living standards all created new needs and higher expenses. The small-scale artisans and farmers could not keep up with these growing demands. Taxes and the cost of materials also became heavy burdens for them.

Because of these difficulties, many artisans were forced to close their workshops. Some moved to other towns or even other countries in search of a better livelihood. As a result, traditional handicrafts gradually disappeared, leaving only a few traces of Bulgaria’s once rich and skilled artisan culture.

Agricultural Bank Operations

Agricultural Bank Operations (1899–1903)

The following table shows the yearly financial operations of the Agricultural Bank in francs, as well as the difference compared to the previous year Sofia Sightseeing.

Year Operations in Francs Difference

1899 493,759,187.21 –21,989,642.02

1900 507,307,502.60 +13,548,315.39

1901 535,575,182.03 +28,267,679.43

1902 827,690,477.23 +292,115,295.20

1903 972,538,557.22 +144,848,079.99

From the figures above, it is clear that the Agricultural Bank experienced steady growth from 1899 to 1903. Although the main purpose of the bank was to help farmers and people working in agriculture, it also provided services to merchants and manufacturers. This can be seen from the division of securities between agricultural and non-agricultural clients.

Distribution of Securities Between Agriculturists and Non-Agriculturists

Year Agriculturists (Fr) Non-Agriculturists (Fr)

1899 54,823,955.70 5,943,596.60

1900 56,628,822.80 6,140,191.00

1901 57,321,668.61 6,385,343.05

1902 54,408,969.26 6,335,605.52

1903 50,403,786.13 6,273,861.45

The table shows that the largest part of the bank’s securities was always held by agriculturists. However, the amount decreased slightly after 1901. The share of non-agricultural clients, though smaller, remained steady throughout the five years. This indicates that the bank gradually extended its services beyond farming to include trade and small industries.

Handicrafts and Early Industry in Bulgaria

Until the time of Bulgaria’s national liberation, agriculture and small handicrafts were the only sources of income for most people. The country suffered from poverty, a lack of good roads, and weak government support. Because of these difficulties, any attempts to start new industries often ended in failure.

Handicrafts such as weaving, pottery, and metalwork provided basic goods for local needs. Most craftsmen worked in small workshops, using simple tools and family labor. Despite their hard work, production remained low, and profits were small.

After liberation, efforts were made to modernize production and improve the economy. The establishment of institutions like the Agricultural Bank played an important role in this process. By offering credit to farmers and small producers, the bank helped them buy better tools, seeds, and materials. Over time, this financial support contributed to the gradual development of Bulgaria’s agricultural and industrial sectors.

Agricultural Education for Rural Leaders

In addition to the agricultural schools and model farms already mentioned, agriculture is also taught in pedagogical schools and seminaries throughout Bulgaria. This ensures that future priests and village schoolmasters—who often play a major role in rural communities—receive some knowledge of farming.

These courses aim to help them advise villagers on agricultural matters and encourage better farming methods. By including agriculture in the curriculum for teachers and priests, the government hopes to make rural education more practical and to connect moral and intellectual instruction with the realities of village life. This approach reflects Bulgaria’s growing awareness that education must serve both the mind and the soil.

Rediscovery of Bulgaria’s Ancient Mines

Mining in Ancient Times

The mines of Bulgaria once played an important role in ancient history, especially during Roman times. Evidence shows that mining was widespread and that the country’s soil contained valuable minerals such as copper, lead, and zinc Customized Round Turkey Tours.

However, for many centuries these mines were completely abandoned. The decline is not clearly explained, but it was probably caused by the limited technology and inefficient methods used in earlier times, which made it difficult to continue profitable extraction.

Discoveries of Old Mining Sites

In recent years, archaeological and geological research has revealed several ancient mining sites scattered across Bulgaria. Among the most important discoveries are:

Bakarlik and Rossen-Bair, near the villages of Dulgerli, Kara-Tepe, Racov-Dol, and Karakeuny in the department of Bourgas;

Bakardjik, near the village of Eris Mahale in the district of Sliven;

The western Balkan region, close to the villages of Sgorigrad and Lutadjik in Vratza, and near Zabel in the district of Trn.

At these sites, researchers found ancient galleries, tunnels, and large heaps of slag, which are the remains of smelting and ore-processing activities carried out centuries ago. These discoveries provide strong evidence that mining was an active and organized industry in ancient Bulgaria.

Revival of Old Mining Areas

Interestingly, some of these ancient mines were not only exploited by the Romans but were also reopened by Saxon miners in the fourteenth century, showing that Bulgaria’s mineral wealth was known and valued throughout history.

Today, modern exploration has led to the revival of several of these sites. Mines such as Iconomoff and Troude in the Bourgas region, and Placalnitza–Medna–Planina in the Vratza district, have resumed operations.

New copper veins discovered in these areas have proved profitable, and improved mining techniques now make it possible to extract minerals that ancient methods could not reach. This revival marks the beginning of a new era in Bulgarian mining and demonstrates how modern science and technology can restore industries that were once thought lost.

The rediscovery and reopening of Bulgaria’s old mines symbolize the country’s progress toward modernization. Just as the government promotes education in agriculture, it also seeks to revive natural resources through research and innovation. By combining the wisdom of the past with the tools of the present, Bulgaria is reclaiming its position as a land rich in both knowledge and minerals.

Development of Agricultural Institutions in Bulgaria

Rapid Progress in Agriculture

In recent years, Bulgaria’s agricultural institutions have developed rapidly, supported both by the State and by private initiatives. The combined efforts of government organizations, agricultural schools, and local societies have led to steady improvements in farming methods, education, and production.

To coordinate and oversee this progress, a special agricultural section was created in 1894 within the Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture. This department is responsible for supervising all agricultural activities in the Principality and ensuring that farmers across the country benefit from scientific and practical knowledge Customized Round Turkey Tours.

Structure of the Ministry and Its Divisions

The agricultural section of the Ministry is divided into smaller departments, each specializing in one branch of agriculture. These divisions deal with:

General agriculture and crop cultivation

Viticulture (the growing of vines and wine production)

Fruit-growing and orchard management

Cattle-breeding and livestock improvement

Bee-keeping, which is an important rural activity in many regions

Each department studies its area of specialization and provides advice, training, and materials to farmers through local offices.

Agricultural Districts and Inspectors

To make supervision more effective, the whole country has been divided into 44 agricultural districts. Each district is placed under the charge of a government agricultural inspector.

These inspectors have several key responsibilities:

To enforce agricultural laws, such as those regulating village police, phylloxera control (a vine pest), silkworm breeding, and egg production;

To promote agricultural education by organizing lectures, exhibitions, and practical demonstrations for farmers;

To collect information on local farming conditions and report it to the Ministry.

Through their activities, the inspectors serve as a vital link between the State administration and the rural population, helping to spread modern agricultural practices throughout the country.

State Agricultural Schools and Model Farms

The Bulgarian Government supports two major schools of agriculture, one located at Sadovo (near Philippopolis) and another at Roustchouk (Ruse). Both were founded in 1883 and include model farms where students receive hands-on training.

The main goal of these schools is to train professional agriculturists and agricultural inspectors who can later serve in the State’s agricultural administration or manage farms with advanced methods.

Another State agricultural school operates at Pleven, focusing on fruit-growing and viticulture. In addition, five elementary agricultural schools have been established to spread basic practical knowledge among rural youth. The Government plans to open more schools of this kind in the near future.

Role of Private Initiative and the National Agricultural Society

Alongside the efforts of the State, private organizations have played an essential role in promoting Bulgarian agriculture. The most active among them is the National Agricultural Society, which has been working for more than ten years to improve agricultural education and practice.

The Society publishes a bi-weekly agricultural review and a large number of practical handbooks and guides, written in simple language for farmers. These publications cover subjects such as crop rotation, soil care, pest control, and livestock feeding, helping to make agricultural knowledge available even to small rural communities.

In summary, the cooperation between the State and private organizations has greatly strengthened Bulgarian agriculture. The creation of specialized departments, agricultural schools, and district inspectors, together with educational publications and public demonstrations, has ensured that modern knowledge reaches farmers across the country.

These developments mark an important step toward making Bulgarian agriculture more productive, scientific, and sustainable, laying the foundation for a prosperous rural economy in the years to come.

Livestock in Bulgaria

Overview of Livestock Development

The following table shows the number of domestic animals in Bulgaria in 1893 and 1900, together with the percentage of increase or decrease. These figures provide a clear picture of the progress in livestock farming during this period.

Animal Number in 1893 Number in 1900 Change (Increase/Decrease)

Horses 343,946 494,557 +43.78%

Mules 8,264 8,887 +7.56%

Donkeys 81,610 107,098 +31.23%

Cattle 1,425,781 1,596,267 +11.95%

Buffaloes 342,193 431,487 +26.09%

Sheep 6,868,291 7,015,385 +2.14%

Goats 1,263,772 1,405,190 +11.19%

Pigs 461,635 367,501 –30.39%

Poultry 3,426,637 4,751,751 +38.86%

These statistics show that, overall, livestock numbers increased steadily between 1893 and 1900. The most notable growth occurred among horses, donkeys, buffaloes, and poultry, while pigs were the only group that declined significantly Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Improvement of Animal Breeds

The improvement of animal breeds in Bulgaria is achieved mainly through selection and crossbreeding. Local animals are often crossed with high-quality breeds from other countries to produce stronger and more productive offspring. This system helps increase the yield of milk, meat, and wool, and also improves the working capacity of animals used for farming and transport.

The Bulgarian Government supports this effort by encouraging breeders and providing practical assistance through agricultural commissions and co-operative societies established in different provinces. These organizations help farmers apply modern breeding techniques and maintain the health of their animals.

Government Support and Breeding Centers

To promote animal breeding, the Bulgarian Government has established five large State depots for stallions. These centers provide high-quality horses for breeding, with the aim of improving the national stock.

In addition, there are several cattle-breeding stations, particularly near the agricultural colleges of Sadovo (in Philippopolis) and Roustchouk (Ruse). These stations supply pedigree bulls and cows to farmers, helping to increase milk production and improve herd quality.

The Government also offers prizes and rewards to breeders who excel in improving their livestock. Financial assistance is often given to those who wish to purchase pedigree animals from abroad for breeding purposes.

Growth of Dairies and Milk Production

Although dairies are still in their early stages in Bulgaria, they are expected to grow rapidly. The Government pays special attention to dairy development, as it plays a key role in modern farm management. Dairies not only help increase the supply of milk, butter, and cheese, but also create employment opportunities and support rural communities.

In provinces where cattle and buffalo breeding is already established, the introduction of small local dairies has begun to transform the rural economy. As hygiene standards and breeding practices improve, Bulgaria is expected to become a significant producer of high-quality dairy products.

The steady increase in livestock numbers between 1893 and 1900, together with the Government’s active support for breeding, training, and dairy production, demonstrates Bulgaria’s commitment to agricultural progress. The combination of scientific breeding methods, financial incentives, and State supervision has already produced visible results.

With continued modernization, Bulgaria’s livestock industry is set to become one of the strongest sectors of its rural economy, contributing to both domestic prosperity and future export potential.

Attar of Roses – A Precious National Export

Export Growth of Bulgarian Rose Oil (1900–1904)

The following table shows the quantity and value of attar of roses (rose oil) exported from Bulgaria between 1900 and 1904. This fragrant oil was, and still is, one of Bulgaria’s most valuable exports.

Year Kilograms Value (in Francs)

1900 5,346 3,707,943

1901 3,027 2,140,538

1902 3,676 2,609,159

1903 6,210 3,734,950

1904 4,394 2,741,038

These figures clearly show that Bulgaria maintained a steady and profitable rose oil trade. Although the quantity varied from year to year due to weather conditions and harvest quality, the overall export remained significant. The years 1900 and 1903 were particularly successful, with exports exceeding 5,000 kilograms, bringing in over three million francs each Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Cultivation of Industrial Plants

Beetroot Cultivation and Sugar Production

The cultivation of beetroot is a relatively recent development in Bulgaria. It is grown mainly in the province of Sofia, where around 2,000 hectares of land are dedicated to it. The entire beetroot crop is processed by the sugar refinery near Sofia, which uses the harvest to produce refined sugar for domestic consumption.

This introduction of beetroot farming represents a modern step toward agricultural diversification and industrial self-sufficiency.

Growing Hemp, Rape, and Other Crops

The cultivation of hemp and rape (rapeseed) is also spreading across Bulgaria.

Rape is grown mainly for export, as its oil is used in industry and for cooking.

Hemp is valued for its strong fiber, which is used by rope-makers, especially in the large rope factories near Sofia.

Both crops are becoming increasingly important as farmers seek alternative sources of income beyond traditional grains.

Rice and Bean Production

Rice is another notable crop in Bulgaria. It is widely grown in the province of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and, to a smaller extent, in Kotcharinova, located in the province of Kustendil. The annual rice harvest is estimated at around two million kilograms.

Meanwhile, haricot beans are produced on a much larger scale, with an average yearly yield of eight million kilograms. These beans are a staple food for the Bulgarian population and a valuable export commodity.

Livestock and Forage Cultivation

Importance of Livestock Farming

Livestock rearing remains one of the most important branches of Bulgarian rural economy. Farmers raise cattle, sheep, goats, and horses for meat, milk, wool, and labor. However, as pasturelands are gradually being replaced by cultivated fields, farmers must adapt by producing more forage crops to feed their animals.

Expansion of Forage Crops

To compensate for the reduction in natural pastures, Bulgarian farmers have increased the cultivation of forage plants, especially vetch and lucerne (alfalfa).

In 1892, the total area used for these crops was 31,342 hectares.

By 1899, this number had risen to 88,455.84 hectares—nearly triple in just seven years.

This expansion shows the rapid progress in modern agricultural practices and the growing awareness of the importance of animal feed in livestock management.

Government Support for Forage Farming

The Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture supports this development by distributing lucerne seeds free of charge each year. In addition, land sown with lucerne is exempted from taxes, encouraging farmers to grow more of it. These policies aim to improve soil fertility, support livestock health, and strengthen the rural economy.

Bulgaria’s agriculture at the beginning of the 20th century was entering a new phase of modernization. The cultivation of industrial plants like beetroot, hemp, rape, and rice, together with the traditional production of roses and tobacco, showed a balanced and promising rural economy. At the same time, livestock breeding and forage cultivation ensured the sustainable use of the country’s natural resources.

These combined efforts demonstrate Bulgaria’s determination to progress, transforming its rich land into a lasting source of national prosperity.

Tobacco and Rose Cultivation in Bulgaria

Tobacco Growing Regions

Tobacco cultivation is one of the most important agricultural activities in southern Bulgaria, as well as in the provinces of Silistria and Kustendil. Altogether, the total tobacco plantation area is estimated at around 3,000 hectares.

Among the main producing regions, Haskovo has the highest yield—producing over 800,000 kilograms of tobacco each year. It is followed by Philippopolis (Plovdiv) with about 300,000 kilograms, Kustendil with 270,000 kilograms, and Silistria with 210,000 kilograms. These figures clearly show that tobacco plays an important role in the southern and southeastern parts of the country.

Domestic Use and Export

According to approximate calculations based on official statistics, about three-fourths of Bulgaria’s total tobacco harvest is consumed locally by the population, while only one-fourth is exported.

Although the export quantity is smaller, Bulgarian tobacco is highly valued for its quality. In fact, it can be favorably compared to Turkish tobacco produced in Macedonia and Enidje. The leaf tobacco used for manufacturing cigarettes is sold at prices ranging from 80 centimes to 1 franc 50 centimes per kilogram, depending on the quality and region Customized Private Turkey Tours.

Government Support and Economic Incentives

The Bulgarian government has made active efforts to promote and improve tobacco cultivation. These efforts include:

Distributing high-quality tobacco seeds to farmers free of charge;

Offering export incentives and bounties to encourage trade abroad;

Allowing the Bulgarian National Bank to give loans to tobacco growers, using official certificates of harvest as security.

These measures help farmers avoid financial hardship between planting and selling their crops, and they also encourage the spread of better farming methods and higher quality tobacco production.

The Rose Industry – Bulgaria’s Floral Treasure

After tobacco, the rose crop is the second most important industrial plant in Bulgaria. Roses are grown almost entirely for the production of attar of roses, a precious rose oil used in the perfume industry around the world.

This Bulgarian rose oil is famous internationally and received the highest awards at the Paris Exhibition of 1900 for its exceptional fragrance and purity.

Rose Growing Areas and Production

Rose cultivation is concentrated mainly in 148 parishes located in the provinces of Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and Stara Zagora. The total area of rose gardens is about 5,094 hectares.

The yield and quality of rose oil depend greatly on weather conditions during the blooming and harvesting seasons. Even small changes in temperature or rainfall can affect both the quantity and fragrance of the oil.

The two main varieties of roses cultivated in Bulgaria are:

Rosa damascena (the red rose) – valued for its strong and rich scent;

Rosa alba (the white rose) – known for its delicate and softer fragrance.

The best rose gardens are found in and around Kazanlak, Karlovo, Klissoura, and Stara Zagora, regions often referred to as the “Valley of Roses.”

Both tobacco and roses have long played a major role in the Bulgarian economy. Tobacco supports the rural population through farming and trade, while rose cultivation has made Bulgaria world-famous for its fine rose oil production.

Together, these two crops symbolize the combination of traditional skill and natural richness, showing how Bulgarian agriculture blends hard work, favorable climate, and national pride to produce products admired across the world.