Villehardouin’s irritation at the suggestion

On that side the current is always much too strong to allow vessels to be anchored with any amount of steadiness, or even safety. Villehardouin’s irritation at the suggestion shows how bitter the opposition still continued. There were some present, he says, who would have been very well content that the current or a wind—no matter what—should have dispersed the vessels, provided that they themselves could have left the country and have gone on their way.

It was at length decided that the two following days, the 10th and 11th, should be devoted to repairing their snit decided damages, and that a second assault should be delivered on the 12th. The previous day was a Sunday, and Boniface and Dandolo made use of it to appease the discontent in the rank and file of the army. Once more, as at Corfu and before the first attack upon the city, the bishops and abbots were set to work to preach against the Greeks. They urged that the war was just, because Mourtzouphlos was a traitor and a murderer, a man more disloyal than Judas; that the Greeks had been disobedient to Home, and had perversely been guilty of schism in refusing to recognize the supremacy of the Pope, and that Innocent himself desired the union of the two churches.

They saw in the defeat the vengeance of God on account of the sins of the Crusaders. The loose women were ordered out of the camp, and for better security were shipped and sent far away. Confession and communion were enjoined, and, in short, all that the clergy could do was done to prove that the cause was just, to quiet the discontented, and to occupy them until the attack next day.

Industriously repairing

The warriors had in the meantime been industriously repairing their ships and their machines of war. A slight, but not unimportant, change of tactics had been suggested by the assault on the 9th. Each transport had been assigned to a separate tower. The number of men who could fight from the gangways or platforms thrown out from the tops had been found insufficient to hold their own against the defenders.

Alexis left the court of Philip probably

Alexis left the court of Philip probably at the same time as the messengers for Zara, but appears to have diverged in order to visit his uncle Emeric, King of Hungary. In the middle of December Boniface had arrived at Zara. Boniface If the account of Robert de Olari is to be trusted, reaches Zara. something like a comedy was arranged between him and Dandolo. The latter saw that the pilgrims were uneasy. The leaders were aware that they had not provisions enough for an expedition to Egypt or to Syria, and they had given out that even if they had they could do nothing when they reached either of these two countries.

Dandolo, therefore, said to them : “ Sirs, in Greece there is a bountiful supply of all things. If we can find a reasonable occasion to go there and to take provisions and other things, then we can easily manage to go Outremer? Then uprose Boniface, Marquis of Montferrat, and explained that at Christmas time he had been in Germany at the court of Philip, where he had seen young Alexis, whose father had been treacherously driven from his throne. “ Whoever,” said Boniface, “ has this young man can go into the land of Constantinople and take provisions and what is needed.” Hence, according to Robert, the messengers were sent to Alexis in order that by inducing him to come the Crusaders might have home acoison, rasnauvle ocaision, to go to Constantinople.

On New Year’s Day, 1203, the messengers returned from Philip, accompanied by those whom that king had sent. Henceforward it was impossible to keep the object of their mission secret.

Substitute the leaders

The organization of the Crusaders for the purpose of taking a decision was not unlike that which prevailed throughout most European states. Substitute the leaders and the great barons for the king, the lesser barons of the army and the knights for the lords, and the whole army for the commons, and the parallel will be complete. The leaders took the initiative. Then the parliament of lesser barons and knights had the proposition submitted to them, and lastly the commons of the army had to give their approval. The leaders had been consulted at Venice, and had accepted in principle the proposal to aid Alexis in return for his subsequently assisting the army. At Zara the proposition in a definite shape had to be submitted to the parliament of lesser barons and knights.

Young Alexis son of Isaac

The besieged in 1203 knew that the son of Isaac, the young Alexis, had persuaded the Venetians and a body of Latins, through the in-fluence of his sister’s husband, Philip, to assist him to regain possession of the empire, and that he and his friends were now outside the city walls. The Latins did not wish to capture the city. Even if they did, stronger armies than this had tried to do so and had failed. If the invader won there would be a new emperor—that was all. Indeed, why should the citizens care ? They had no love for the reigning sovereign nor he for them. When he heard that young Alexis was coming with a band of Venetian pirates, he made no preparations for resistance.

Nicetas

He was a mere idle lover of luxury, an Eastern Charles the Second, who thought only of the ills of to-day ; an essentially weak man, too sentimental to be a successful ruler. He shrank from inflicting the cruelty of ordinary punishments, and still more from that which was necessary to make him a strong despot. Though he had not hesitated to depose his brother, he was either conscience- stricken or pretended to be so, and continually upbraided himself. The eunuchs, says Nicetas, who guarded the royal forests with as much care as the Destroying Angel guarded Paradise, threatened to kill any one who ventured to cut timber for the construction of vessels.

The emperor’s brother- in-law had sold all the navy stores. Those who thus robbed the public seemed rather thereby to gain in the estimation of their sovereign. The emperor appeared more amused than frightened with the preparations of which he heard, and it was only after lie learned of the proclamation of his nephew which had been made at Corfu and this he could only have learned a few days before the arrival of the expedition in the Bosphorus that lie concerned himself with the means of defence. But even then the voluptuary and the drunkard could not set himself wTith sufficient energy to meet the danger.

The account of Robert is borne out

The account of Robert is borne out by the evidence to which I have already called attention. Assuming that the portion of the proposal made during the last week of July, referring to an attack on Zara, was kept secret, as to which there can be little doubt if it be admitted that Zara was mentioned in July, the next month was spent in negotiations. Opposition to There was a party opposed to its acceptance as soon toe«ua°ck0sal as the attack was mentioned. Here again we are Zara.

On solid ground. Villehardouin tells is that discord sprang up as soon as the Venetians refused to carry them beyond sea until they paid. lie says that those who declared they wanted to leave Venice to go to other ports did so because in reality they desired that the army should break up, and therefore struggled against the acceptance of the proposition. The unofficial writers tells us why they did so.

“In truth,” says Gunther, “the proposal to attack Zara seemed to our princes cruel and iniquitous, both because the city was Christian and because it belonged to the King of Hungary, who, having himself taken the Cross, had placed himself and his, as the custom is, under the protection of the pope. While the Venetians were constantly urging us to accept the proposal, and we, on the other hand, were earnestly refusing, much time was lost.” Why was time lost? The same writer answers, “Because our men thought it altogether detestable and a thing forbidden to Christian men that soldiers of the Cross of Christ should march to pillage Christian men with slaughter and rapine and fire, such as usually happen when a city is attacked, and therefore refused their consent.”

Expedition to Zara

There was no idea of abandoning the crusade. The expedition to Zara was probably, though by no means certainly, regarded even by the leaders who were in the secret merely as a means of payment, in order that when it had been captured the Crusaders might go about their proper business. The third great mistake of the campaign had, however, been made; the second being the failure to bring sufficient men to comply with the terms of the charter-party entered into with the Venetians. The third blunder was the more serious.

Life among the wealthier classes of Constantinople

Life among the wealthier classes of Constantinople and its Constantino neighborhood must have been, on the whole, very pie a city of pleasant. There were villas on the neighboring shores of the Bosphorus, on the Marmora towards San Stefano, and on the shore beyond Chalcedon, where one might escape from the great heat of summer and spend half the year in a country life, while the well-built palaces of the city were warm and comfortable in winter. The inhabitants appreciated these privileges and were proud of the Queen of Cities. The Byzantine noble, when compelled to leave it, longed to be back again. He loved the sacred city and the Marmora, where the zephyrs blew so softly, where the fountains were so pleasant, the baths so delicious, where the dolphins and other varieties of fish disported themselves on the surface of the waters, and where the nightingales and other singing birds made delightful music for those who flocked from all parts of the world to hear it. Constantinople was a city of business, but it was likewise a city of pleasure.

Every-thing that wealth could buy could be secured within its walls. As in our own days men who have acquired money in remote regions flock to Paris or London to take part in the luxurious life of these capitals, so the Cyprian, the islander, the trader from many a remote province or country, went to Constantinople as the place where he could make the best investment of his money in pleasure. But the inhabitant of what the Western writers then called Romania had a greater inducement to go to Constantinople than the inhabitant of Manchester or Marseilles to go to London and Paris. Property is, in modern times, as safe in these provincial cities as in the capitals of the countries in which they are situated, but property at Smyrna or elsewhere in Asia Minor was liable to attacks from the Turks; property in Mitylene or others of the islands of the Aegean and along the seaboard of the empire had to be continually protected from the pirates who were already infesting the neighboring seas.

As so secure as Constantinople

No city was regarded as so secure as Constantinople, and amid this security the wealthy man could find rarer silks, finer linen, and purer dyed purple, richer furs, dishes of greater delicacy, and wines of more rare and costly vintage than in the provinces. Precious stones and jewelry of every kind, including those ropes of pearls which are yet to be seen in daily wear at Damascus and other remote cities of Turkey, and to the display of which the inhabitants of Eastern Europe, like those of Asia, have always attached great importance, might be more safely worn, could be shown to more people Visit Bulgaria, and would be more highly appreciated than in the provincial towns.

The Crusaders regarded the luxurious dresses of the Bjrzantines as marks of effeminacy, just as a Turcoman horde clothed in sheepskin, marching upon Paris, would bo sure to regard the luxury of the capital as a sign that the manliness had departed from the nation. The Byzantines looked on the rough and ill-dressed Crusaders as rude and uncouth barbarians, unskilled in science, ignorant of art and literature, and entire strangers to the luxuries of civilization. The Crusaders are never weary of calling attention to the luxury and the wealth of the inhabitants of Constantinople, and Nicetas himself, the chief Byzantine historian of this period, tells several stories against his own countrymen of the fault found by the Crusaders with the effeminate character of this luxury. We may be sure, however, that the Byzantine point of view was far different. All the pleasures of nature and of art were his.

The climate was safe from the great heat

The climate was safe from the great heat of Smyrna or the cold of even a few miles farther north on the Black, that is, the rough, bleak, Sea. The Golden Horn, the Marmora, and the Bosphorus were bright during six or seven months of the year with gayly decked and graceful caiques, probably not much unlike their present representatives, except that they were higher in the stem and stern, and thus more graceful in form. Carefully trained oarsmen from the Greek islands or from the neighboring shores were to be had at a cheap rate, and each noble family had its own crews with gay distinctive badges. The ruins

now existing in the neighborhood of Constantinople show how largely the nobles led a villa life on the borders of the sea.

No city in the world is so largely gifted by nature with the requirements for a happy life. The bright sky, the blue, tideless waters of the Marmora, the vine-producing shores, the forests which even yet have not been so far destroyed as to drive away the nightingale, the flights of quail which pass the city twice every year and still fall occasionally in the streets of Constantinople, the never-failing supply of fish and other food, the presence of birds of beautiful plumage and song, all contributed to the joyous life of this city of pleasure.

Grand Prince of Russia

The Warings were to have free trade throughout the empire, but were to take passports; subject to this provision the Grand Prince of Russia and his boyards were to be allowed to send as many ships and cargoes, as many deputies and guests, as they liked. The Waring merchants were to receive a monthly allowance. Waring offenders were to be punished by Waring law. Waring officers were to be named to take possession of testamentary and intestate successions. The treaties were duly ratified by Christian oaths on the part of the Greeks and on the part of those of the Russians who had become Christians, and by placing on the ground their swords, shields, and other arms on the part of those Russians who had not yet been baptized.

An interesting account is given of the Warings, a little later, Swendosiav’s by ^eo Deacon, a contemporary of the events expedition. }ie describes. The description he gives clearly shows that the Warings are meant, though he calls them Russians. lie does justice to their valor, but also to their cruelty. Like all the Greek writers, he makes mention of the fact that their distinctive weapon was the battle-axe. They never, says Leo, surrendered in battle, and rather than be taken prisoners would kill themselves.

Dorystolon or Silistria

They had flaxen or reddish hair, and blue eyes. One of the most striking incidents of the Waring war, which he describes, relates to a leader named Swen- doslav. He had led a host into the empire on a plundering expedition, and had occupied Dorystolon or Silistria, which commands the Derwend pass through the Balkans, lie had fought bravely and held his own against great numbers, but found himself at length unequal to the task of breaking through the lines which the imperial troops, under the Emperor John Zcmiskes (960-970), had drawn round Dorystolon. Eight thousand of his followers had been killed, and he was compelled to accept terms. lie stipulated that he should be allowed to leave the empire, and bound himself to send back the captives he had taken.

The beautiful villas of the Byzantine nobles

The beautiful villas of the Byzantine nobles and merchants existing in the neighborhood of the capital were ruthlessly plundered and destroyed. After passing the Bosphorus the army began to encounter more serious difficulties, and met with a series of disasters. The latter were due partly to bad management and partly to the difficulties inherent to the enterprise itself. The difficulty of finding provisions in a country which was already thinly inhabited, and the inhabitants of which were treated as enemies, was the first cause of these disasters.

The fact that the journey was made in summer through a country which was even then largely troubled with malarial fever added much to the difficulties. All their misfortunes were attributed by the Crusaders to the Greeks, and a disposition began to develop itself very early among the former to conquer Christian people when they were unable to subdue the Mahometans.

The division of Crusaders under Louis VII. met that under the leadership of Conrad at Nicnea. The feeling of hostility created among the French division was not less than that which had been aroused among the Teutons. Louis found the subjects of the Emperor Manuel not less exacting than had Conrad. It must be said to his credit that he put down disorder in his camp with a stronger hand. Soldiers found plundering were severely punished. Some were sentenced to the loss of their hands and feet.

Division under Conrad

Both king and nobles had about them much more of the religious spirit of the Crusaders than was to be found in the division under Conrad. Louis seems also to have prevented his army being encumbered by so large a crowd of camp-followers and pilgrims as accompanied Conrad. In spite, however, of the more complete organization of his army, it was with difficulty that lie made his way to Constantinople. On his arrival an incident occurred which showed the bitter feeling of hostility towards the Greeks which had sprung up, and the intensity of the sentiment which had led the Crusaders to take up arms. While the army was encamped before the capital they learned that Manuel had concluded the treaty with the Sultan of Iconium, of which I have already spoken.

Palace with Isaac at its head

Meantime the populace was pouring into the palace with Isaac at its head. All resistance seems to have been claimed at an end with the nifty of the emperor, and in a short time Isaac had obtained entire possession of the imperial dwelling. The mob was wild with excitement. Discipline there was none. Isaac was again hastily proclaimed emperor, and immediately gave orders for the pursuit of his enemy.

The mob meantime swept through the various rooms of the palace, and helped itself to a large amount of treasure. According to Nicetas, it carried off not only all the coins which were there, but twelve hundred pounds’ weight of gold, three thousand pounds of silver, two hundred pounds’ weight of copper, and, indeed, almost everything else that was portable. Even the chapel, perhaps, with the exception of that in the other palace at Blachern, the richest in the world, was not spared, and among other objects pillaged on the occasion was the reliquary, which was said to contain the letters written by Jesus Christ to King Abgarus.

Through the Bosphorus

After some days, when order was restored, the news arrived capture of that Andronicos had been captured. He had gone Audronicos, through the Bosphorus, but had stopped a few miles from the Black Sea entrance at Kilia. The inhabitants did not recognize the emperor, though, from his appearance and that of his party, they suspected him to be a fugitive of high rank. They even prepared a vessel with the object of capturing him, but neglected to make the attempt until he left their village.

The sea, however, drove the imperial party back, and the villagers, taking courage, seized him and the two ladies, bound him, and placed all three in one of their vessels. Then the old man disclosed who was their captive, and used his utmost eloquence to persuade his captors to allow him to escape. All his efforts were in vain. He was carried back to Constantinople, some thirty miles distant, and was surrendered to Isaac. The latter had now taken up his residence in the palace of Blachern, and ordered Andronicos to be imprisoned within its precincts in the Tower of Anema, a tower which, with its prisons, still exists.

The settlement of the Greeks and Albanians

They were all occasionally spoken of by the Byzantine writers as descendants of the Romans. As the districts which they usually occupied were the mountains or least accessible of the plains, there is reason to believe that they were the descend ants of a people which had been settled in the peninsula sub-sequent only to that which had seen the settlement of the Greeks and Albanians. They were possibly an offshoot of that division of the Aryan race which passed across into Italy, and to which the Romans belonged. What is certain is that they had settled in the Balkan peninsula before the entry of most of the various other peoples I have mentioned, and that they had eome under Roman influence. In any case, their numbers to the north of the Danube had been added to by the descendants of the Roman colonists who had settled in Dacia.

Whoever the Wallachians were, they contributed not a lithe tie to the weakening of the empire, and especially the empire, during the last years of the twelfth century, when all sorts of troubles were crowding thick upon it. In 1186, Isaac attacked them in the Balkans. They were aided by the Bulgarians.

Patchinaks and returned to meet the imperial troops

The troops of the emperor succeeded in driving them across the Danube. Then and there they sought the aid of the Patchinaks and returned to meet the imperial troops. Cantacuzenos, the general acting for Isaac, was defeated. His successor, Branas, was more fortunate, but, after harassing the rebels, he himself revolted against his sovereign and marched towards the capital. Thereupon the Wallachs, Patchinaks, and Bulgarians made a destructive raid, in 1189, upon Thrace, where for a considerable time they held their own against the imperial troops.

In 1193 they ravaged Thrace, and the imperial troops were beaten. The war continued without interruption during the next two years, during which the Emperor Isaac left Constantinople to take the field himself against them. In 1196, while the new emperor, Alexis the Third, was chasing a pretender to the throne, the imperial troops were decisively beaten and their general captured. The Wallachs and Bulgarians advanced as far as Rodosto, where, after they had pillaged all the country round, they were met by the imperial

troops and defeated.

Latin conquest of Constantinople

No historical subject has attracted more attention in France and Germany during the last twenty years than the Latin conquest of Constantinople. No other historical question has had devoted to it during the same period the labors of an equal number of illustrious historical students. A literary controversy has been waged, and is still waging, about several of the important questions which have arisen in connection with the subject.

Chronography of Byzantine History

The larger question of the history of Constantinople and of the Eastern Empire in the Middle Ages has likewise, during the last quarter of a century, occupied the attention of a considerable number of Continental scholars, whose labors have added much to our stock of knowledge on the subject. Among the most important of their contributions a few may be here noticed. Muralt’s “ Chronography of Byzantine History,” between 1057 and 1453, is an immense aid to all students of the period treated of. It is hardly possible to mention any statement respecting any event, however trifling, within the period dealt with, for which all the authorities are not cited. Heyd’s “History of Trade in the Levant during the Middle A”es”is also a monument of careful research.

Ilurter, though belonging to a somewhat earlier period, has given a singularly vivid and impartial sketch of the dealings of Innocent the Third with the Eastern Empire, perhaps the more remarkable that he was himself a Protestant pastor.

The labors of Charles Hopf and of Tafel and Thomas have thrown light on much which was obscure in the dealings of Venice with the Xew Rome. Krause’s examination of Byzantine manners, customs bulgaria private tours, court and domestic history, gives a useful and interesting account of the social life of Constantinople. The valuable histories of Finlay were written before most of the works to which I allude in this preface appeared, but still show considerable insight into Byzantine history. On the influence of the Saracens and the Turks invaluable suggestions are found in Professor Freeman’s “ History and Conquest of the Saracens,” his “ History of the Ottoman Power in Europe,” and in his “ Historical Essays.”

The labors of a considerable number of other writers to whom I allude have been mainly occupied in elucidating the story of the Fourth Crusade, to which the second part of this volume is exclusively devoted. Contemporary authors have been carefully edited. The great work of Hicetas and those of other Greek authors have been diligently compared with the narratives of Villehardouin and others belonging to the West. Forgotten manuscripts have been brought to light. Incidental references in charters, bulls, and other documents have been carefully collected to control, confirm, or condemn the statements in the usually accepted narratives of this pop tion of my subject.

I am indebted for many valuable suggestions to Klimke’s essay on the “ Sources of the History of the Fourth Crusade,” to Krause’s History, and to Dr. Mordtmann’s history of the two captures of Constantinople. The latter work, as well as the “ Meletai ” of Dr. Paspati, are especially useful for the topography of Constantinople during the Middle Ages. Dr. Paspati and Dr. Mordtmann, the son of the author of the work just quoted, the Dev. Canon Curtis, and a number of archaeologists in Constantinople, have worked very successfully at the topography of the city, and by means of the excellent Greek Syllogos have brought to light much interesting information on the subject, and have especially produced a map of the ancient walls, embodying all the recent discoveries, which is extremely valuable.

Historia Constantinopolitana

Most of the writers I have named have occupied themselves more or less with the conduct of Yenice. This is a subject of controversy as old as the crusade itself. A contemporary of the Fourth Crusade, a Franco-Syrian named Ernouil, was the first to charge Yenice with treason to Christendom. Other contemporary authors are quoted in the following pages who took, speaking generally, the same side.

Gunther, a Cistercian monk belonging to Pairis in Alsace, and who died about 1210, has given us in his “ Historia Constantinopolitana ” many facts which are not to be found elsewhere, and was one of the few contemporaries of the crusade who appears to have understood that there was an understanding between the Sultan of Cairo and Yenice. Light has been thrown on the question by the “ Devastatio Constantinopolitana,” the discovery of which is due to recent research.

Hunting or fishing excursions

He had by nature a slender constitution, unable to endure long-continued muscular or mental exertion, or long- continued confinement in one place, but, by a wise apportionment of work and respite, his health and usefulness went on together. He had no general prostrations to complain of, never longed for the relief of a vacation, never petitioned for a furlough from duty. While others were enjoying rides over the country, or resorting to hunting or fishing excursions, he was teaching school, or aiding some church by holding religious meetings and making religious visits from house to house.

His desire, as much as in him lay to live peaceably with all men, led him, without a word, to yield his position to any one who he thought had a higher claim, and where this was not the case he would yield, rather than maintain any dispute. If he had grieved any one in regard to a difference of opinion, or some plan of proceeding, and afterwards discovered that he had been wrong, he would confess the error though long after the other party had forgotten it.

Letting alone contention “ before it be meddled with ” was one of his golden pules, and not only did he most studiously avoid any breach of it himself, but it stung him to the heart to see it broken by any of his Christian brethren. In the dining-hall at the Theological Seminary one day, a student sitting near him was engaged in the discussion of some exciting topic, and, excited by the remarks of his antagonist, broke out in a passion, using violent language. Goodell was electrified. With an earnest look, and a countenance full of astonishment, he said: “Brother D., that’s wicked. You mustn’t let the sun go down.”

Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew

In your hands I leave the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, which, with the important help of some of you, I translated into Armeno-Turkish for the benefit of those of you who use only or chiefly that language. With these Scriptures you have also a Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew, which also with your aid I prepared for you in the same language. And I am now putting into the hands of the printer more than forty of the sermons which some of you may recollect to have heard me preach to you, in order that you may better “ remember the words I spake unto you while I was yet with you.” And whether these words be “ the words of truth and soberness ”; whether they be in strict conformity to God’s holy word, — you must search and see for yourselves. Blessed be God! you now have the whole Bible in your native language, and you need not, and must not, remain ignorant of its holy doctrines and sublime teachings.

When we first came among you, you were not a distinct people, nor did we expect you ever would be; for we had no sectarian object in view, it being no part of our plan to meddle with ecclesiastical affairs. Our sole desire was to preach Christ and Him crucified. Our object was precisely the same as that of the missionaries to that ancient church in Persia. The labors of those missionaries have produced no separation in that church; but they have been permitted to labor side by side with the bishops and priests, to preach in their houses of worship, to assist in supporting and superintending their schools, and to do much in every way to enlighten and elevate that whole community.

Civil powers for protection

But if instead of giving the missionaries a cordial welcome among them, they had anathematized and persecuted to the death all those who loved the truth and wished to live a godly, conscientious life, the consequence would have been, that those persecuted suffering ones would have been forced to appeal to the civil powers for protection, as you had to do here. And the civil power there might have found it necessary, in order to afford this protection in conformity with ancient usage, to separate those persons from their former connection, and acknowledge them as a distinct community, entitled to all the protection and privileges of any other community in the empire. This you know was the case here. The Sublime Porte, to save you from perishing, was compelled to separate you from the old Armenian community. This is your present condition; and this condition you should “ accept with all thankfulness,” and use it for your own and your children’s good.

Different communities Mussulman Jewish and Christian

When the Sublime Porte created a board of instruction, composed of one person from each of the different communities, Mussulman, Jewish, and Christian, Mr. Panayotes was selected to represent the Protestants in that council. When a censorship of the press wras established, and one from each community was to be chosen to meet monthly and examine all books proposed for publication, Mr. Panayotes was the one selected on the part of the Protestants for tliis service.

“ But his most important, and what may be called the crowning work of his life, was the help he afforded in translating the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments into Armeno-Turkish. In translating and revising and carrying through the press several editions of these Scriptures lie was a very efficient helper. He was engaged in the work of revision when his Master came and called him home. He had reached the first chapter of Joel when he laid down his pen, and said to me, with a smile, ‘ I am going home.’ And, indeed, lie was already almost there. His health had been failing for many months, but he worked on until he could do no more.

“ Though he was naturally very timid, yet in his last days lie feared no evil. 11 is mind was filled with peace, and his heart overflowed with thankfulness. He had forsaken the religion of his fathers for the sake of Christ; his first wife had no sympathy with him in the change, his older children had left him; but he said to me the very last week of his life, ‘I have received a hundred-fold in this life, yea, I have received more than a thousand-fold. From my own blessed experience I can testify that this word of 11 is is true.’

They are not my Saviour

When I spoke to him of the blessed labors in which he had been engaged, he replied, k Yes, but they are not my Saviour; all my works I call only bad; I throw them all away; awav with them, I cannot look at them; on every page I have written I see only sin; for salvation I look to Christ alone, and He is all-sufficient.’ I fell on my knees by his couch and prayed that the sins with which every page of our translations had been stained might be forgiven, and I commended our brother affectionately to that Saviour who had come to take him to His own glorious kingdom.

Revision of the Armeno-Turkish Bible

For your affectionate salutatory in Latin, accept my thanks. I dare not attempt a reply in the same learned tongue, for I do not see that I know a bit more of Latin, or even of theology, than I did before. And I should be very sorry to do any thing which would bring dishonor upon the reverend heads of those whose honest intention, I doubt not, was to do honor to “ your brother and companion in tribulation, and in the kingdom and patience of Jesus Christ,” his residence at Ilass Keuy, on the Golden Horn, where he had a pastoral supervision of the Female Seminary, then under the care of Miss Mrest, and where he preached regularly on the Sabbath, preaching also at the capital. He resumed at the same time his revision of the Armeno-Turkish Bible, in regard to which he wrote to the Secretary of the American Bible Society: —

“ To aid me in the work, I have a Greek, an Armenian, and a Mussulman; and as those who might escape the sword of Ilazael were to be slain by Jehu, and those who might escape the sword of Jehu were to be slain by Elisha, so I hope that whatever errors may escape the notice of any one of my helpers will be detected by another. But, to put God’s blessed word into Turkish is a very difficult work, and I feel my incompetency more and more. The language is not a religious language; it has never been deemed lit by the Turks to be used for the sacred purpose of religious worship, and of course no written prayers or devotional books are to be found in pure Turkish.

“ To my Turkish teacher it sometimes seems quite shocking to express the everlasting truth of the Bible by the ordinary words for eating, drinking, walking, sleeping, wrestling, conquering, buying, selling, losing, saving; while such terms as justification, adoption, and sanctification, with the several benefits, which do either accompany or flow from them,’ are still more difficult to be disposed of in a manner which shall be intelligible, and yet not contemptible. I have suggested to him that if the Turks had long ago translated the Koran into Turkish, and had thus used the very language of the people in their religious worship, it would have been of great service to us in translating the Bible, as many words and phrases would then have been familiar and at home in religion, which now seem awfully strange and incongruous.

Phillips Academy

With Christian and affectionate salutations to yourself, and through you to them, I remain

Your brother in the faith and work of the Lord,

W., GOODELL.

A few days later he wrote to his first preceptor, John Adams, LL.D. of Phillips Academy, for whom he ever cherished the warmest affection and the most profound respect: —

CONSTANTINOPLE, NOV. 19, 1841.

MY VERY DEAR PRECEPTOR, — Very kind, indeed, it was in you to remember me among so many hundreds of your disciples. I say disciples; for verily I believe we learned not only under you, but of you. The impressions I received at Phillips Academy were more vivid and more deep and lasting than those 1 received at college or at the Theological Seminary. And I feel that I have more of your character impressed on my own than of any other teacher. Perhaps one reason was, that I had just come out of the woods, and every thing was new to me. I was living in a new world. Thus new and wonderful does it often appear to a person when he is first translated from the kingdom of darkness into the kingdom of God’s dear Son.

It is nineteen years to-day since we were married, and in a few days it will be nineteen years since we sailed from New York for the East. More than half a generation has, during this time, gone to the other world. More than four hundred millions have done with time and probation, and have commenced their eternity. To my own family God has in His great mercy to the unworthy given an unusual degree of health and domestic comfort. To many daughters and sons do we sustain the relation of parents. But all are not now under our poor guidance and direction, for one, a beloved and promising boy of nine years and a half, ceased to be the object of our prayers, but not of our love, the 8th of April last, when “ he was not, for God took him.”

Sixteen villages in the vicinity of Broosa

All our various meetings have continued to the present time, and the interest in them appears unabated. The brethren still have life,’ as formerly, and even, we believe, have it more abundantly.’ Among others, however, there is not at present so much of a noise ’ and a shaking,’ with so many signs of coming to life, as we have witnessed in times past, and a« we now hear of in the interior. Some sixteen villages in the vicinity of Broosa have been recently reported to us, in each of which the Holy Spirit is breathing upon a few individuals, making them living men. They are waking up to a life and happiness which belong exclusively to the children of light and the children of the day.”

The spirit of the one who is the subject of these Memoirs has been abundantly indicated in the extracts that have been made from the most familiar and unrestrained expressions of his heart, as that of one who had an almost singular simplicity of purpose to live for nothing but the advancement of the kingdom of Christ and the glory of His name. One secret of this singleness of heart, or one form of its expression, was, that he seemed always to feel and to act as if he were in the immediate presence of Christ, and living under His personal reign. The kingdom of Christ was to him a reality, and the ground of his confidence, especially in regard to the success of the work in which he was engaged. This is ex- pressed in an extract from his journal, bearing date Jan. 31, 1845.—

Armenians at the capital

“ There is now a very interesting state of things among the Armenians at the capital, and many new instances of awakening. At the monthly concert this week it was stated that there was probably not an evening in the week in which there was not a prayer-meeting held by the native brethren at some place in Constantinople proper, for the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. At our public services on the Sabbath the congregation is large, and the word is with power; and although all the ingenuity and wisdom and influence of the very mightiest ones among both Armenians and Turks are most actively employed from day to day to arrest the work, yet it is carried forward by a hand unseen, and a power not to be resisted. And who can stop the progress of that which is invisible, and ‘comcth not with observation’? visit bulgaria Who can banish or confine or prohibit that which is spiritual, and which can, of course, be touched by nothing material?

The kingdom of Christ knows nothing of territorial divisions and geographical lines, and our brethren here may take all their meals, make all their visits, perform all their journeys, and transact all their business in this blessed kingdom, however despotic their own temporal government may be. They may live in it every day, and sleep in it every night; and no power on earth can forcibly carry them out of it. They can have daily access to the great King himself, and lay their petitions at his feet; and no police that ever existed, however terrible its character, could ever find means to prevent it. And the progress of this kingdom is itself like the silent stealing of light on darkness, which none of the potentates v of earth can interrupt.”

Familiar with the Italian language

In October, 1845, in order to exert a more decided influence upon that part of the population which in all Oriental lands is most difficult of access, a female boarding-school was opened at the house of Mr. Goodell, and eight Armenian young ladies were received into his family. Mrs. Goodell had previously made herself familiar with the Italian language, which was chiefly spoken at Malta; with the Arabic, which she had made use of at Beyrout; and with the Greek, which was extensively spoken at Constantinople. But to qualify herself for usefulness in this new charge, she now commenced the study of the Armenian. Her health, which for many years had been feeble, was quite established, and, with the new responsibilities which she assumed, it was like entering afresh upon missionary life and service.

The catalogue of the school, in the handwriting of Mr. Goodell, is a curiosity. The history of each scholar is recorded, and, with the name, its signification. Names in the East are more significant than with us; whether the name is always appropriately bestowed is another matter. The first on the list of the school is Armaveni, which signifies Palm-tree. She was a young lady about twenty years of age when she entered the school. She afterward became the wife of the evangelical pastor at Trebizond, where she flourished literally like the palm-tree, living a life of great usefulness.

Hearty congratulations on the increase

And how should the departure of one and another of our friends, and their happy entrance into that blessed kingdom, quicken us in our way thither! What a place heaven must be, where all that is worth preserving from this world, and all that is worth seeing and knowing and loving from any other world, is there collected and made perfect 1 While, then, you have my sympathy in your loss here below, you have also my hearty congratulations on the increase to your friends above. If those that love us most are diminishing in number here, they are increasing in number there; and how could we have it better?

Present my very affectionate and my Christian salutations to any of my friends whom you may see, and who may inquire after me. In the prosperity of the college I ever feel the liveliest interest. The portrait of President Brown I have framed, and it hangs in my parlor with Worcester, Evarts, Wisner, and Cornelius.

Eighteen years day before yesterday since we sailed from New York; and what was then outside of that city is now, I suppose, about the centre. Should we ever return to our native country, we should neither know nor be known, recognize nor be recognized.

Eighteen years! but I feel that I have during this time been an exceedingly unprofitable servant, and must confess my utter unworthiness, and look for pardon, where all the perishing of our race have to look, if they would obtain the forgiveness of their sins, and an inheritance among the sanctified ones. You will rejoice to hear that the severe persecution we have suffered has now ceased, and that the scattered converts are recollected with an increase of faith and zeal. The Lord seems to be turning our captivity as the streams of the south, and we are hoping for times of refreshing from His presence.

Christian sympathy

Mrs. Goodell unites in kind regards and, although it will come late, Christian sympathy for you and yours. May we hope in due time to be cheered by receiving an answer to this! I have written more than I intended, but I do not know that I need ask you to excuse it, as it comes from your ever affectionate brother in Christ,

W. GOODELL.

Europeans Circassians Kurds and devil worshippers

The country around Sinope, Samsoon, and Trebizond is strikingly beautiful. Indeed, of natural scenery I have never seen any thing more charming. Even Constantinople must yield the palm in this respect; for though the beauties of the Bosphorus are confessedly great, and all the views in the neighborhood of the city are varied, rich, and magnificent, yet they are wonderfully set off by the groves, the shaded avenues, the kiosks, palaces, and other public edifices, which Mussulman pride, taste, or piety have made to start up everywhere as if by magic.

The former, on the other hand, are like Nature herself,when unadorned, adorned the most,’ and instead of being limited, as those at Constantinople, to a few bright eminences with their retired recesses, alcoves, and lovely retreats, they are on a far more extensive and grand scale, — sometimes stretching off as far as the eye can reach. Indeed, the whole extent of hill and dale, pastures covered or that might be covered with flocks, and fields waving or that might wave with corn, spread out before the eye at one view, is sometimes prodigious.

“ On our return from Trebizond, we had near four hundred passengers, among whom were ‘ Parthians, and Medes, and Elamites, and the dwellers in Mesopotamia, and in Judea, and Cappadocia, in Pontus, and Asia, Phrygia, and Paraphilia,’ together with Europeans, Circassians, Kurds, and devil worshippers. The moment they set foot on deck they all come under new and the same laws; they are brought in direct contact with European skill and superiority; they are compelled to see and learn new customs. Warriors have to throw off their armor, executioners to deliver up the instruments, of death, and officers to cease giving commands. They have to learn punctuality. When we reached Sinope, the passengers were told to a minute how long the boat would stop, and they were repeatedly warned of the danger of not being punctual.

Still, some were left behind, and lost both their passage, and, what was still more grievous to them, their passage-money; and the captain told me that there were such cases almost every voyage. Some-would go to the Bath, no more thinking that the steamer would dare to stir without them than that the sun would stand still in the heavens. And thus haughty, imperious lords, who never knew it could be twelve o’clock till they gave orders for it to be so, now learn for the first time in their life that 1 time and tide wait for no man.’

Degree of influence and independence

I am perfectly astonished at the advance they have made, and the degree of influence and independence they have acquired, while the dignitaries of the church have lost in the same proportion. It appears to me that the latter have lost full fifty per cent since I first came to Constantinople, nearly four years ago. Every struggle they make shows more and more their weakness instead of their strength.

“The above-mentioned priest came over to Pera, and preached a whole sermon against our Greek school, uttering the most furious exclamations, and raving like a maniac. But every little girl comes just as before; not a single child was frightened away for a single day, and the school goes on as prosperously as ever. Besides all this, two new schools for boys, on the Lancasterian plan, have gone into operation in the interior.

April 2, he writes: “ The good work goes on among the Armenians without any abatement. The change that has taken place among them within the last fifteen months is truly astonishing, and almost surpasses belief. Three of those who are most active in the reformation, and who talk and read and preach in all companies and on all occasions and with all boldness, are members of the great Synod, by which every thing relative to the affairs of the church or of the nation (the Armenians) is regulated. Almost every day, too, I am visited more or less by Mussulmans. I could very profitably devote my whole time to them.”

Under the above date (April 2, 1835), he makes mention of the death of several eminent missionaries in different parts of the world: —

Dr. Dodge at Jerusalem

“ The letter which brought us the intelligence of the death of Dr. Dodge, at Jerusalem, informed us also of the decease of the Rev. Dr. Morrison, in China, and of the Rev. Dr. Carey, at Serampore. And it was only a few days previous that we heard of our brethren Lyman and Munson being devoured by cannibals in the Island of Sumatra. This last seems to us particularly shocking and awful, because it is an event so uncommon. But in reality what difference does it make whether our bodies be devoured by cannibals or by worms? Our blessed Lord will in either case know where to find us at the resurrection of the just.”

In his correspondence at this time he speaks hopefully and confidently of the blessing which was coming upon the people for whom he was laboring and praying. In a letter to a friend in Boston, dated Constantinople, Oct. 13, 1835, he writes: —

“ Your kind letter of May 7th was received July the 4th, together with the penknives and razors, with which, indeed, you have kept me well supplied these thirteen years. But for the former I should not have written so much nor so well; and but for the latter I should not have made so decent an appearance when I went abroad. Oh, how pleasant it is to belong to the kingdom of Christ, and to use razors, penknives, scissors, and, indeed, every thing, under His spiritual reign!

Once destitute of almost every comfort

The fire followed us, and in about an hour the fire was at the next door. We hastened to Top-Hana, and, hungry, thirsty, and fatigued, we came the same night in a boat to this place, a distance of about eighteen miles. Mr. Churchhill had a house here, which his family were already occupying. We were strangers, and they took us in,’ and very hospitably entertained us, till we could look round and find a dwelling, and purchase a few things necessary for commencing housekeeping. We found ourselves at once destitute of almost every comfort, and had, as it were, to begin the world anew. Not a single cup nor a single utensil remained. Two single beds, partly burnt, three sheets and two coverlets, partly burnt, and one pillow, constituted the whole of our conveniences for the night.

Panayotes, the Greek above mentioned, threw many of my books from the window, a part of which were preserved; but all my Grammars and Dictionaries in the English, French, Italian, Arabic, Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, and Turkish languages; all my Geographies, Gazetteers, Histories (excepting two odd volumes of Moslieim), Commentaries on the Bible, manuscripts, translations, with many of my private papers, are gone, — all ‘into smoke have they consumed away.’

Curiosity to a stranger

I had visited most of the places here which are objects of curiosity to a stranger, and had taken copious notes of what I had seen and heard; but not a trace of them is now to be found. We had provided at Malta a good supply of clothing for ourselves and children, but of many articles we are entirely deprived, and of others to a great degree. I have not a single shirt to put on. We had a pretty large stock of medicines, but not one article was saved Ra Harakhti . We had many little comforts which are considered indispensable in case of sickness, but not a single one is left; nor can many of them be obtained here now at any price. Keys we have in full complement, but scarcely any thing to unlock.

‘‘ The little girls thought it very hard that the fire paid no respect to their toys or their books. Their ‘ Little Philosopher ’ books and all the rest are gone. The second day after our arrival at this place there was an alarm of fire where we are staying, and they began to cry, and said they would go back to Malta. The trunk that I carried so far on my back when I left home to enter Phillips Academy, and which I intended to bequeath to my children for their inheritance, is also gone.

“ But, though cast down, we are not destroyed. We have been afflicted, but not given over unto death. And one reason why I have dwelt thus particularly on our own circumstances is that you may form some idea of the losses and circumstances (and in some instances great distresses) of from seventy to eighty thousand of our fellow-sufferers. Of all that part properly, I understand, called Pera, only eight private houses are said to remain. One of these is Mr. Churchhill’s.

Of all the palaces, only the Austrian and Swedish were saved. Of all the churches, only one Greek and one Latin (with the new English chapel then in building) escaped the general conflagration. The people in crowds made the best of their way to the burying-grounds with whatever they could take with them; and for several days and nights from ten to twenty thousand persons might be seen there, many of them with scarcely any other covering than the canopy of heaven, or any other bed than the graves they slept upon. Multitudes of men, women, and children might be seen lying against a grave-stone, to defend their head from wind and cold during repose.

A letter to a friend in America

The following suggestion, occurring in a letter to a friend in America, written at this time, will be appreciated by all missionaries, and may help those who correspond with them to write letters that will be no less acceptable and no less useful because containing items of earthly intelligence: —

“ Tell us everything, good, bad, and indifferent. Do not say, ‘ I suppose this one and that one have written so and so,’ but write everything; for but few tell us anything. Some write us very good letters, but tell us no news, supposing that because we are missionaries we have no flesh and blood, and no concern with mortal things. Tell us everything! ”

For a time every thing connected with the missionary work in Beyrout went on prosperously, and without restraint from either civil or ecclesiastical authorities, and without the manifestation of hostility on the part of the people. Mr. Goodell and Mr. Bird mingled with Turks and Arabs and Maronites and Jews and Greeks, distributing the Bible and reading it to them, without molestation or hindrance.

Read in the church at Beyrout

But this state of things was not to continue. The words of the Master to His disciples, u If they have persecuted me, they will also persecute you,” were again to be verified in the land where He suffered. Within the first year an order from the Maronite Patriarch was read in the church at Beyrout, forbidding the people to receive the Holy Scriptures circulated by the missionaries, specifying the editions published in England, and requiring all to return or burn those they had received. The Pope’s vicar-general subsequently called on Mr. Goodell and Mr. Bird, and assured them that this order was issued without his knowledge and without any authority from Rome; but the outbreak proved to be only the first breath of a coming storm.

The first severe trial through which Mr. and Mrs. Goodell were called to pass was incidental, and did not spring from their character and work as missionaries. The attempt to throw off the Turkish yoke, made by Greece in 1820, was still carried on when they landed at Beyrout in 1823, and for several years longer. It was in consequence of this war that the scenes occurred which are described in the following extracts from Mr. Goodell’s journal; scenes in which not only was he stripped of his property, but the lives of himself and his family were often in imminent peril: —

“ Sabbath, March 19, 1826. Yesterday two Greek vessels came in and anchored at the river, about two miles east of Bey- rout. As they frequently come in to visit European vessels and to seize whatever Turkish property they may find on board, we suspected nothing uncommon. At daylight this morning we were awakened by a brisk fire of musketry.