Retrospective Sketch of the Rise of The Servians

The early Sclavonian Tribes. — First traces of the Servian Face. — View of Ancient Scrcia. — Relations of the Servians to the Greek Empire. — Stephan Boistlaiv. — Constantine ilIonomachus. — The Grand Shvpaues. — Crusade of Frederic Barharossa at the close of the Twelfth Century. — Aversion of the Servians to the Western Church.—JYew Ecclesiastical Constitution in Servia.— The Servian Kings. — Conflict between the Latins and Greeks. — Stephan Dushan. — Increased Tower of the Servians in the Fourteenth Century. — Progress of Civilisation. — State of Transition. — Nationality of the Servian Laics.

The most remarkable and significant epoch in the history of the Sclavonian nations is found towards the close of the ninth century.

The migrations had ceased; immense tracts of country had been taken possession of; and those numerous tribes, of whose names the ancients were scarcely cognisant, had advanced some steps within the limits of historical and geographical recognition. Foreign rule, like that of the A wars, had been cast off; and the time was come for the Scla- vonians to raise themselves into independence, and to attempt political institutions.

At the period referred to — the latter part of the ninth century — we line! the great Moravian kingdom extending beyond Cracow, and far down the Elbe; for even the Zcchjans in Bohemia formed part of it; and to this day they recollect the great King Swatopluk in Moravia. Then arose amongst the Lechians in the neighbourhood of Gncsne and Posen, the Piasts; the first princes who did not belong to the old race of the people.

It was by a union of Sclavonic-Tsliudish tribes, under Norman Princes, that the Pussian empire was originally formed; taking from the first a decided direction towards the Lower Danube and Constantinople. Meanwhile, the Sclavonian Apostles, Methodius and Cyrillus, traversed all the countries bordering on the Danube, and became distinguished from most of the early missionaries by their endeavours to elevate the standard of the national languages, by using them in the Church service.

At this period also, we hear of the first attempts made by the Servian race towards forming political institutions.

Leaving it to antiquaries to trace out the origin and migrations of these people, by combining languages and myths with fragmentary traditions, it will suffice to say, that from the earliest times we find them in the country which they occupy to this day.

MEET WILLOW HERMAN

I’m from Bunker Hill, WV and I started playing hockey when I was five. My brother decided he wanted to play and I was only one year old at the time, so I grew up at the rinks. I’ve been a goalie my entire career and have just grown to love the position more and more.

WHAT MADE YOU WANT TO BE A WHL BRAND AMBASSADOR?

I wanted to be a brand ambassador because I want other little girls to see strong female players and want to continue to play. Around here we have almost no girls hockey and I want to change that.

WHAT ARE YOU MOST LOOKING FORWARD TO AS A #WHLAMBASSADOR?

I’m looking forward to showing people that hockey is more than a men’s sport and that there’s plenty of passionate female hockey players as well.

WHAT’S SOMETHING NOT A LOT OF PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT YOU?

Not many people know that I’m able to touch my elbows behind my back (it’s a silly talent but people love it). I’m very flexible and can move my body in abnormal ways.

IF YOU COULD SIT DOWN AND HAVE DINNER WITH ONE FEMALE HOCKEY PLAYER, WHO WOULD IT BE AND WHY?

If I could have dinner with one female player it’d be Manon Rhéaume because while the time was short, she was the first and only woman in the NHL and I just want to know more about her experience and what led her there.

WHAT’S THE BEST ADVICE YOU’VE EVER BEEN GIVEN IN HOCKEY OR IN LIFE?

The best advice that I was given was from Craig Laughlin at a camp of his I went to and he told us to always take our opportunities, no matter what they are just take them, if you don’t you’ll never know what could’ve been.

WHAT’S YOUR DREAM FOR WOMEN’S HOCKEY?

My dream for women’s hockey is for it to grow and for there to be more teams and have the professional league not struggle as much as it has been.

The priest and the merchant sure enough saw the gibbet

So they stopped and called Howleglass in a great passion, inquiring what vile work he had been doing, and swore and threatened dreadfully. Just then a wagonload of straw luckily went by, and the unhappy party purchased a small quantity, with which to purify the wellbedizened chariot.

Quite enraged, the merchant cried out, “Off to the gallows,you rascal!” and soon after Howleglass saw one not far from the roadside, and driving the chariot right underneath it, he was proceeding very leisurely to unharness the horses. “What is it that you are about, villain?” said his master. “Why,” replied Howleglass, “did not you order me to drive off to the gallows? where I thought I was to set you down.”

On looking up, the priest and the merchant sure enough saw the gibbet; upon which his master, being seized with a panic, commanded him to back, and drive right away as hard as he could flog.

Hearing this, Howleglass dashed neck and nothing through the mud, so that by the horrible pulling and tearing, the vehicle came straight in two, the hinder part remaining with the merchant and the priest stuck in the mud, and the other proceeding with Howleglass and the horses just as if nothing had happened. At length with much shouting and running the merchant overtook his driver, and was beginning to inflict summary vengeance upon him, when the priest came up and prevented him; and in this fashion they contrived to accomplish their journey, and so home again.

Eat and Drink

Well! his wife inquired how the merchant had enjoyed his journey? “Oh, delightful,” cried the merchant, “now that we are safely returned.” Then he called Howie glass, saying, “Tonight eat and drink to your heart’s content, for tomorrow you quit this house. I cannot keep you, you are too great a malicious rascal for me.”

“All right, master,” said Howleglass. And in the morning when the merchant went out, he again said, “Eat and drink, take as much as you like, but do not let me find you here when 1 come home from church.” So while the family was at church, Howleglass proceeded as he had been ordered to take what he liked; and very shortly he had almost completely gutted the house.

In short, the merchant met him with a whole load of his goods in the street as he was coming from church. “Ha! my honest cook,” he cried, “what are you dressing now?” “What you commanded me to do,” replied Howleglass: “you informed me that I might take what I liked, and rid the house of me.” “Leave these things where they are,” exclaimed the merchant, “and go to the devil if you please.” Howleglass said, “I do everything that my masters order me, and yet I cannot live in peace.” So he quitted the merchant in a huff, whom he was sorry again to have met with, while the former had his goods conveyed back to the house.

Information web site : https://bulgaria.tourhints.info/eulenspiegel-and-the-merchant-part-3/

How to Find Your Dream Russian Girl

How to Date a Russian Girl

In many ways, dating a Russian girl is not that different from the romantic experience you may already have. However, there are also some standout aspects of dating a girl from Russia you should know about. Here are a few tips on how to date a Russian girl.

Express your feelings openly. Russian girls may seem demure and distant, but they immediately change once they find out you are interested in them romantically and want to build a relationship. That is why it’s so important to learn to openly talk about your feelings.

Show her that you care. A typical Russian girl loves all the attention she can get from a man. From a simple text wishing her a good morning to making sure she gets home safely after a date, expressing these little episodes of attention is the foundation for a happy relationship.

Don’t pressure her into anything. While some Russian girls prefer to quickly advance the relationship, most ladies prefer to take it slow. She will tell you when she is ready to take the relationship to the next stage. Don’t expect to come in for a cup of tea on your first or second date, but if that happens, consider yourself lucky!

Make an effort with your look. If there is one thing that is always said about girls in Russia, it’s that they always look put-together and appropriate. Naturally, she will expect the same from you. You don’t need to wear an expensive tuxedo to a movie date, but you always need to look clean, fresh, and well-groomed.

Act like a gentleman. When dating a Russian girl, you will need to remember your chivalry skills. Surely, you may not have used them for a while, but Russian girls are old-fashioned in this regard and expect their man to open the door for them, pick up the check, and lend them your jacket when it’s chilly outside.

Be interested in her culture. Russian girls are usually very familiar with Western culture and often watch the same TV shows and listen to the same music as you do. However, Russian culture is also a big part of a Russian girl’s identity, and you should make an effort to know more about it. Even learning a couple of phrases in Russian to surprise her will definitely hit the right spot.

Meet her parents and friends. A social circle consisting of family members and friends is one of the most important things for a girl from Russia. Volunteering to meet her parents and doing your best to impress them will cement your position as the best boyfriend ever. If you manage to become a part of her friend circle, it will make your relationship stronger.

Support her in her aspirations. Even though some Russian girls are happy just being homemakers, the majority of them put their higher education to good use and strive to build a brilliant career. If you support her aspirations, help her prepare for interviews, and are willing to talk about her goals, she will appreciate you even more.

Surprise her with gifts. The old-fashioned part of the personality of a Russian girl makes them very excited every time they get a present from their loved one. It doesn’t have to be an expensive smartphone or jewelry: even a bouquet of flowers or a new lipstick you know she’s wanted for some time is enough to put her in a good mood.

Be yourself. It is very tempting to pretend to be someone else when you want to woo your Russian beauty, but the truth will always come out. Even if you believe you are not perfect, it’s best to just be sincere. If you don’t pretend to be someone you are not and always tell the truth, your girl will accept you the way you are.

How to Find Your Dream Russian Girl

There is a very slim chance that you will randomly meet a girl from Russia in your city streets, let alone build a happy relationship with her. Traveling to Russia to find love sounds very romantic, but it is hardly a practical move and will cost you thousands of dollars. So what is the best place to find Russian girls for dating?

We believe that you have the best chance of finding your ideal Russian girlfriend on a Russian dating site. These sites have proven to be very efficient in connecting lonely hearts across the globe, and if you are dreaming of meeting a girl from Russia, you should definitely give them a try.

Russian dating websites have numerous benefits. There are thousands of girls ready for a relationship or marriage, so you just have to use the search function to find your ideal match. Plus, when you are communicating through a dating site, you don’t have to rush anything and can fully control your relationship.

And when you are finally ready to meet your Russian girl in person, the site administrators will gladly help you arrange the meeting. From here, you will need to do most of the work by yourself, but it’s the kind of work that always pays off in the end.

 

They were both old schoolmates and friends

Mrs. Crowe, on the contrary, was well to do, her husband being a rich farmer and an easy-going man. She was a stingy woman, but for all that she looked kindly; and when she gave away anything, or lifted a finger to help anybody, it was thought a great piece of beneficence, and a compliment, indeed, which the recipient accepted with twice as much gratitude as double the gift that came from a poorer and more generous acquaintance. Everybody liked to be on good terms with Mrs. Crowe. Socially she stood much higher than Sarah Ann Binson.

They were both old schoolmates and friends of Temperance Dent, who had asked them, one day, not long before she died, if they would not come together and look after the house, and manage everything, when she was gone. She may have had some hope that they might become closer friends in this period of intimate partnership, and that the richer woman might better understand the burdens of the poorer. They had not kept the house the night before; they were too weary with the care of their old friend, whom they had not left until all was over.

Ran down hillside

There was a brook which ran down the hillside very near the house, and the sound of it was much louder than usual. When there was silence in the kitchen, the busy stream had a strange insistence in its wild voice, as if it tried to make the watchers understand something that related to the past.

“I declare, I can’t begin to sorrow for Tempy yet. I am so glad to have her at rest,” whispered Mrs. Crowe. “It is strange to set here without her, but I can’t make it clear that she has gone. I feel as if she had got easy and dropped off to sleep, and I’m more scared about waking her up than knowing any other feeling.”

“Yes,” said Sarah Ann. “It’s just like that, ain’t it? But I tell you we are goin’ to miss her worse than we expect. She’s helped me through with many a trial, has Temperance. I ain’t the only one who says the same, neither.”

These words were spoken as if there were a third person listening; somebody besides Mrs. Crowe. The watchers could not rid their minds of the feeling that they were being watched themselves. The spring wind whistled in the window crack, now and then, and buffeted the little house in a gusty way that had a sort of companionable effect. Y et, on the whole, it was a very still night, and the watchers spoke in a half-whisper.

S: https://bulgarian.marietaminkova.com/miss-tempys-watchers-part-2/

Contradicting information

The Bulgarian Helsinki Committee monitors annually the level of police violence in Bulgaria, interviewing people in police custody and prisons. The data from recent years shows that violence is persistent, and almost a third of the detainees are victims of illegal use of force by police officers. The alarming conclusion of the researchers is that minors are at the greatest risk of ill-treatment.

Meanwhile, the Ministry of Interior and courts provide almost no information about the number of reported cases of abuses by law enforcement officers.

Only a third of the courts (42 of 144) have provided data about 212 initiated cases, but according to the Interior Ministry there were 1,146 appeals for the period 2000-2015.

Nobody knows to what extent the number of complaints is relevant to the appealed cases. Moreover, there is no collection of thorough information about the real number of complaints, and their outcome.

No punishment

The most common complaints are about torture and unlawful detention (42.2 percent and 41.5 percent, respectively), and in 16.4 percent of cases the interrogation was conducted with illegal use of force. Of all the 1,146 complaints, received in the Ministry of Interior, only 11 percent of the cases resulted in violations being found and punishment being imposed. Three hundred complaints were deemed unfounded, and 725 cases were considered as complying with the law.

By comparison, when the appeal was brought to the court, the officers were found guilty in 61 percent of the cases. This suggests that the Ministry of Interior has no policy regarding the investigation and punishment of the law enforcement officers in cases where they exceed their powers.

Even in those few cases in which a violation of the law was found, the penalty is usually diminished. According to the Interior Ministry, only 18 policemen have been dismissed in the past 15 years, 48 were fined, and 11 were sentenced to conditional imprisonment (for a period of 1.5 to 3 years). Normally, the fines vary from 500 to 1,000 levas (approximately 250 to 500 euro), and there is no information on whether they are actually paid.

According to the data provided from the courts for the same period, fines were imposed on 101 police officers, and 28 were punished with a conditional sentence of imprisonment.

Consequences: The data discrepancies show that police violence is a worrying problem in Bulgaria. According to the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee’s analysis of European Court of Human Rights judgments against Bulgaria, the state was sentenced to pay over 900,000 levas in penalties and damages between 2000 and 2010 because of uninvestigated and unpunished police violence.

The Coming of Gandin P/2

Now when he had sung another lay, Gandin arose and stood before the king, holding the lute in his hand. “Sir King,” he said, “bethink thee of what thou didst promise me.”;

And Mark answered: “Of good will will I do it. Tell me what wilt thou?”

“Give me Iseult,” quoth the knight.

“Friend,” said Mark, “whatever else thou desirest thou shalt have, but this may not be.”

“Verily, Sir King,” said Gandin, “I will neither much nor little, but Iseult alone.”

The King spake: “Of a truth, that shall not be!”

“Sire, wilt thou then break thy promise? If thou be thus forsworn, henceforth shall men hold thee unworthy to be king of any land. Bid them read the right of kings, and if this be not so, then will I renounce my claim. Or, dost thou, or any other say that thou didst not swear to give me what I asked, then will I assert my right against thee, or against whomsoever the court may choose.

My body shall be overcome with fight ere I renounce my claim. Choose thou a knight to ride in the ring against me, and I will prove by combat that fair Iseult is mine.” The king looked all about and on either side if he might find one who would dare to uphold his cause; but there was no man who would set his life on such a wager, nor would Mark himself fight for his queen, for Gandin was so strong and valiant that none durst take up his challenge.

Weeping and Lamenting

Now Tristan had ridden forth to the woods to hunt, and as he came homeward to the court he heard on the way the news of what had chanced. It was all true: Gandin had led the queen, weeping and lamenting bitterly from the palace to the seashore. On the shore was pitched a tent, rich and costly, wherein he led the queen that they might wait till tide and river rose and floated the bark, which now laying on the sand.

Tristan heard the tale from beginning to end, he mounted his horse and took his harp in his hand, and rode swiftly, even to the haven. There he turned aside secretly, to a grove, made his horse fast to the bough of a tree, and with his harp in his hand took his way to the tent. The knight of Ireland sat there, armed, beside the weeping queen, whom he strove hard to comfort, but little might it avail, till he saw Tristan and his harp.

He greeted Gandin, saying: “God save thee, fair minstrel!”

“Gramercy, gentle knight.”

“Sir,” he said, “I have hastened hither. Men have told me thou art come from Ireland: I too am from thence. I pray thee, of thine honor, lake me back to mine own land.”

The Irish knight made answer: “That will I do; but sit thee down, play to me, and if thou canst comfort my lady, whom thou sees weeping sorely, I will give thee the fairest garment that is in this tent.”

This a fair offer, Sir Knight,” said Tristan. “I have good hope that I may do so; and her grief be not so great that it will stay not for any man’s playing, she must needs be consoled.”

Source: https://bulgarian.doholidays.com/the-coming-of-gandin-part-2/

Children holding up German

In Germany, a post-communist generation searches for identity

Born before the Berlin Wall fell, the children of the

“Third Generation East” were too young to be involved in the events

of 1989. Now they’re trying to understand how their families lived under

communist dictatorships.

Children holding up German flags in blurry focus (Privat)

I started school in 1990, in Bonn. It was a year after the

fall of the Berlin Wall; Germany’s reunification came a few weeks later. My

impressions of that first day of school combine the black, red and gold of the

German flag with my pink paper cone filled with presents, along with a nervous

stomach. It’s all a bit foggy, just like my memories of childhod before the

fall of the Wall — my time in the East. I was born in the socialist People’s

Republic of Bulgaria, and I learned to walk in East Germany.

I remember one thing clearly: The sound of change was in the

air. It could be heard in kitchen conversations, was whispered in small talk

with the neighbors, written in letters to my grandparents in Bulgaria and

discussed on the news. It all conveyed mixed feelings of uncertainty and

optimism.

But after the Iron Curtain came down, everyone went silent.

It’s as if the generation of my parents and grandparents had decided from one

day to the next to pack their past in a box and hide it in the darkest corner

of the attic. It remained untouched for a long time.

But it’s happening now. Those parents’ and grandparents’

memories are being shaken by the question of their now grown-up

post-reunification children. Did they believe in socialism? What did they do?

How did they live? What did they want to become? What did they dream of? What

made them happy? What did they lack?

German unification — time for the next generation to step up

A person standing in front of remains of the Berlin Wall

(DW/H. Rawlinson)

How was it for you, dear parents? What did you think? What

did you do?

These questions have little to do with nostalgia. Rather,

it’s that this younger generation hopes to understand the country where their

parents and grandparents grew up, the country where they also come from. But

even cautious questions may lead to an emotionally defensive reaction. Why is

that the case? Is it possible for us to gain access to our parents’ past

experiences? Do our parents have the right to forget or the responsibility to

talk?

Buchcover Nachwendekinder

‘Nachwendekinder’ refers to children who grew up in the

years following the fall of communism

Talk to us!

These are also the questions that Johannes Nichelmann asks

in his book, Die Nachwendekinder: Die DDR, unsere Eltern und das große

Schweigen (literally “Post-Communist-Transition Children: The GDR, Our

Parents and the Great Silence”).

“I’ve noticed that many people of my generation who

were born in the East are trying to find out more about that East that shaped

them,” Nichelmann told DW.

Influenced by the media stories told after 1990 and by what

they learned in history classes, the so-called Third Generation East children

now want to fill the void in their own biographies.

Nichelmann remembers the day when he and his brother found

their father’s military uniform in the basement. They previously didn’t even

know that he had been a border guard in the communist German Democratic

Republic (GDR).

“My father was the trigger for my book. Until recently,

he had never revealed a single thing about his life in East Germany. He would

actually become very angry if I asked him anything at all. I realized that

something was wrong, that it was something he didn’t want to deal with. That

obviously got me imagining all kinds of things.” 

Photographs and Prints

With all the exhibitions opening nowadays, Istanbul is becoming a veritable art city’. Catching alt of them is out of the question. If you’d like to be guided by tips from the artist as you tour the major ones, just keep on reading!

“I Chose Art”

When asked what means one can use for political action, German artist Joseph Beuys replied, “I chose art. ’’Now, an exhibition, ‘Joseph Beuys and His Students’, at the Sakip Sabana Museum (SSM) explains a lot. You have to take time to read all the panels if you want to understand… Accompanying Beuys in the exhibition, which brings together close to 350 drawings, photographs and prints, are his students, Peter Angermann, Lothar Baumgarten, Walter Dahn, Felix Droese, Imi Giese, Imi Knoebel, Katharina Sieverding and Norbert Tadeusz. Through 1 November.

“This Is Not A Retrospective!”

‘Site’ is not a retrospective even though it covers Sarkis’s 50-year career as an artist. The artist is royally annoyed if anybody says this. Hallmark of the exhibition, curated by Levent Qalikoglu, Chief Curator of Istanbul Modern, are materials that are open-ended, multi-layered and stubbornly unfinished… as well as Sarkis’s constantly re-created installations, works he has saved up and breathed life into over the years, the costumes, the sculptures, the stained glass and the neons…

Head for Istanbul Modem to see this exhibition, which the artist is continuously renewing. Through 10 October.

S: https://bulgarian.doholidays.com/tips-artists/

Photographs and Prints

With all the exhibitions opening nowadays, Istanbul is becoming a veritable art city’. Catching alt of them is out of the question. If you’d like to be guided by tips from the artist as you tour the major ones, just keep on reading!

“I Chose Art”

When asked what means one can use for political action, German artist Joseph Beuys replied, “I chose art. ’’Now, an exhibition, ‘Joseph Beuys and His Students’, at the Sakip Sabana Museum (SSM) explains a lot. You have to take time to read all the panels if you want to understand… Accompanying Beuys in the exhibition, which brings together close to 350 drawings, photographs and prints, are his students, Peter Angermann, Lothar Baumgarten, Walter Dahn, Felix Droese, Imi Giese, Imi Knoebel, Katharina Sieverding and Norbert Tadeusz. Through 1 November.

“This Is Not A Retrospective!”

‘Site’ is not a retrospective even though it covers Sarkis’s 50-year career as an artist. The artist is royally annoyed if anybody says this. Hallmark of the exhibition, curated by Levent Qalikoglu, Chief Curator of Istanbul Modern, are materials that are open-ended, multi-layered and stubbornly unfinished… as well as Sarkis’s constantly re-created installations, works he has saved up and breathed life into over the years, the costumes, the sculptures, the stained glass and the neons…

Head for Istanbul Modem to see this exhibition, which the artist is continuously renewing. Through 10 October.

S: https://bulgarian.doholidays.com/tips-artists/

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Sire, I may not, save that I know what my reward may be

Gottfried Von Strassburg (Died about 1210)

Gottfried was one of the most famous of that group of Minnesingers which included Hartmann von Aue and Wolfram von Eschenbach. These were the most popular writers of the socalled romances of knighthood. Gottfried’s Tristan was a workingover of a French version of the tale (now existing only in fragmentary form) by Thomas the Trouvere. The German work is a manycoloured story of love and adventure, direct, simple, and devoid of the finer subtleties of psychology. The Coming of Gandin is one of the complete episodes which abound throughout the romance.

The present version, translated by Jessie L. Weston, is reprinted by her permission from Tristan and Iseult, published by David Nutt in 1899. There is no title in the original.

The Coming of Gandin

From Tristan and Iseult

For in these days a ship came to Mark’s haven in Cornwall, and there landed from it a knight, a noble baron of Ireland, named Gandin; he was rich, handsome, and courteous, so manly and strong of limb that all Ireland spake of his valor.

Fairly clad, without shield or spear, he came riding to the king’s court. On his back he bare a lute adorned with gold and precious stones, astrung as a lute should be.

He dismounted, entered the palace, and greeted Mark and Iseult in fitting wise. Many a time and in many ways had he served the queen in her own land, through his knighthood, and the great love he bare her, and for her sake had he journeyed hither from Ireland.

Then Iseult knew him, and greeted him courteously. “God save thee, Sir Gandin.”

“Gramercy, fair Iseult, fair and fairer than gold in the eyes of Gandin!”
Iseult spake softly to the king, saying who the knight was and whence he came; and Mark hearkened, wondering much why he bare a lute, and in sooth so did all the folk, for such was not the wont of wandering knights. Nevertheless would Mark do him all the honor he might, both for his own sake and for that of Iseult, since he was the queen’s countryman; so he bade the stranger sit beside him, and spake to him of his folk and land, and of knightly deeds.

When the feast was ready, and water was brought round to the guests to wash their hands, then did the courtiers pray the stranger to play the lute before them. The king and queen said nought, they would leave it to his own will; and when he took no heed of their prayers, the courtiers mocked him, calling him “The Knight of the Lute,” “The Prince with the Penance”; and Gandin said nought, but sat beside King Mark, and ate and drank, and heeded them not.

When the feast was over, and the tables borne away, then King Mark prayed him, and he could, to pleasure them awhile with his skill on the lute; but Gandin answered: “Sire, I may not, save that I know what my reward may be.”

“Sir Knight, what meanest thou? Dost thou desire aught of my possessions? If so, ’tis granted; let us but hearken thy skill, and I will give thee whatever thou desirest.”

“So be it,” spake the knight of Ireland.

Then he sang a lay which pleased them all well, so that the king desired him to sing another. The traitor laughed in his heart. “Tell me,” he said, “what thou wilt, that I may play even as shall please thee.”

Source: https://bulgaria.doholiday.com/the-coming-of-gandin-part-1/

INCOMPLETE SECONDARY SCHOOLS

State Schools

The State supports seven schools of three

classes for boys and two of six classes for girls. The curriculum of these

schools is the same as that of the corresponding classes in the high

schools.  

The conditions for the appointment and the dismissal of teachers are the same as in the high schools. The salaries are also the same, with this sole difference that the State contributes onehalf, the other half being paid by the communes, at whose charge is the general maintenance of the primary schools.

All the schools belonging to this category

are administered by directors, appointed by the Ministry of Public Instruction,

who must’ fulfil the same conditions as the directors of the high schools. The

only exception to this rule are the schools which have only one class. As

regards their administration, these schools are assimilated to the primary

schools.

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS

(a) Pedagogical Schools for Boys There are five pedagogical schools for all the Principality. These are institutions for secondary education, whose object is to train teachers for the primary schools. The course of studies is divided into four classes, and lasts four years.

A school comprising three classes is

attached to every training college, of which it forms the lower department.

Besides, there are in every pedagogical school four model elementary divisions,

in which the practical training of the future teachers takes place.

The following are subjects taught in the

training school:

(1)Religious instruction;

(2) Bulgarian;

(3) Moral psychology and pedagogics ;

(4) school practice;

(5) mathematics;

(6) civic instruction and political economy;

(7) history and geography;

(8) physics and chemistry;

(9) rural economy;

(10) hygiene and popular medicine;

(11) natural science;

(12) Russian ;

(13) drawing and calligraphy;

(14) singing and violin;

(15) gymnastics;

(16) manual work.

The number of students who are admitted

every year in the first form of these schools is fixed by a ministerial decree.

The candidates must pass a competitive examination before a special commission

which is appointed by the Ministry of Public Instruction. To this examination

are admitted boys who are not younger than fourteen years and not older than

seventeen, and who also have passed with success and good conduct at least

three classes of a high school.

Region of Present Day Armenia

The succeeding structural hubs of Bulgarian settlements originated from this center. One of them was situated directly to the south in the region of present day Armenia. The other one was to the north leans of the Caspian Black Sea region, to the north of the central flows of the Volga River, along the valley of the Pechora River, stretching towards the Arctic Ocean. The densely populated Bulgarian area in the Middle Volga basin is dated archaeologically to the mid-8th century. Here are some excerpts from descriptions of those earliest settlements:

“He (Valarshak) came down to the green meadows near the Shara region, which was called Bezlesen or Upper Basean by the ancient people. Later, because of the Bulgarian Vhndur Buigarcolonista who had settled there, it was called after the name of their leader, Vanand…

Caucasus Mountain

In the days of Arshak, there was great turmoil in the range of the great mountain of Caucasus, in the country of the Bulgarians; many of them separated and came to our country and settled under the Kol [Koh] in the fertile land where grain was in abundance for a long time”

From History of Armenia by Movses Horenatsi. Selected Sources on Bulgarian History, Vol. 2, TANGRA Tanagra Publishing House, Sofia, 2004.

Still farther west, four other cultural historical zones have been confirmed. The lands, which the settling Bulgarians turned into their new homeland, are consistent with the distinctive Bulgarian environment in the post Kubrat period of Old Great

Bulgarian Kan Asparuh

Bulgaria, the Bulgarians of Kan Asparuh, the heir of the ancient rulers’ dynasty of Dulo, conquered the lands to the south of the Dnepar River and in the east part of the Balkan Peninsula between Lower Danube, the Balkan Range and the Black Sea. They transferred the center of the state to Lower Moesia and established the so-called Danube Bulgaria. It was the one, which made real the most essential achievements during the later development of the Bulgarian civilization.

The large literary source Deeds of St Dimitar Solunski, speaks of the settling of Bulgarians in the region of the “Keramisia Field” (present Bitola Field) in the 670s, i.e. in present day Republic of Macedonia. The Panonian Bulgarians lived and fortified themselves in the plains of present day Hungary, along the Tisa River and in the Carpathian foothills. Bulgarian warriors and their families settled in the Italian Peninsula between the mountains and the sea, to the east of the Apennines and along the Adriatic coast in the region of Benevento. In a short period, they turned the area from a desolate to a blessed land.

S: https://bulgaria.doholiday.com/bulgarian-settlements/

New regime after the Russo Turkish war

Almost the first thoughts of the new regime

after the RussoTurkish war were directed to the public instruction, the

administration of schools being confided in Eastern Roumelia to the Direction

of Public Instruction, and in Northern Bulgaria to a special ministry.

Primary education was made obligatory for

all children of both sexes. The ” Provisional Regulations,” which were

published by the GovernorGeneral, Prince Alexander Bogoridi, contained special

dispositions on this point as regards Southern Bulgaria, while in virtue of

Article 78 of the Bulgarian Constitution, elementary instruction was made, and

continues to be, obligatory for all the inhabitants of the Principality.

The Direction of Public Instruction in

Eastern Roumelia and the Ministry of Public Instruction were no sooner created

than they began in earnest the reorganisation of the public schools. Special

laws were passed in the course of the year 1880, dealing with primary and

secondary education. Later on, when the union between Bulgaria and Eastern

Roumelia was proclaimed, the educational legislation which was in force in the

latter province was repealed and its place taken by the laws, regulations, and

programmes of the Principality.

The first legislative attempt at embracing

the whole educational system of the country and placing it on more solid

foundations was the law introduced in 1891 by the then Minister of Public

Instruction, M. Georges Jivkoff, and passed by the Sixth Ordinary National

Assembly. This law, which repealed all previous legislative and administrative

regulations, continues to remain in force until this day. According to its

provisions, which, however, in that respect did not alter the former state of

things, the organisation, general direction and supreme control of the

educational establishments, as well as of the institutions having for their

objects the intellectual and moral development of the country, were vested in

the Ministry of Public Instruction.

The personnel of the Ministry of Public

Instruction consists of a chief of the section of secondary, special and higher

instruction, a chief of the section of elementary instruction, two general

inspectors of the secondary and special schools, a medical inspector, six

assistantschief, an accountant, and two Assistantaccountants.

The schools of the Principality

The schools of the Principality are divided

by the law of 1891 into national schools and private schools. All the schools

that are provided for by the State, departments, districts or parishes, and

where the instruction is given in Bulgarian, are considered as national

schools. To the category of private schools belong all the educational

establishments which are supported by the various religious communities,

associations, confraternities or private individuals.

The national schools, in their turn, are

subdivided into primary schools, secondary schools, professional schools and

high schools.

New regime after the Russo Turkish war

Almost the first thoughts of the new regime

after the RussoTurkish war were directed to the public instruction, the

administration of schools being confided in Eastern Roumelia to the Direction

of Public Instruction, and in Northern Bulgaria to a special ministry.

Primary education was made obligatory for

all children of both sexes. The ” Provisional Regulations,” which were

published by the GovernorGeneral, Prince Alexander Bogoridi, contained special

dispositions on this point as regards Southern Bulgaria, while in virtue of

Article 78 of the Bulgarian Constitution, elementary instruction was made, and

continues to be, obligatory for all the inhabitants of the Principality.

The Direction of Public Instruction in

Eastern Roumelia and the Ministry of Public Instruction were no sooner created

than they began in earnest the reorganisation of the public schools. Special

laws were passed in the course of the year 1880, dealing with primary and

secondary education. Later on, when the union between Bulgaria and Eastern

Roumelia was proclaimed, the educational legislation which was in force in the

latter province was repealed and its place taken by the laws, regulations, and

programmes of the Principality.

The first legislative attempt at embracing

the whole educational system of the country and placing it on more solid

foundations was the law introduced in 1891 by the then Minister of Public

Instruction, M. Georges Jivkoff, and passed by the Sixth Ordinary National

Assembly. This law, which repealed all previous legislative and administrative

regulations, continues to remain in force until this day. According to its

provisions, which, however, in that respect did not alter the former state of

things, the organisation, general direction and supreme control of the

educational establishments, as well as of the institutions having for their

objects the intellectual and moral development of the country, were vested in

the Ministry of Public Instruction.

The personnel of the Ministry of Public

Instruction consists of a chief of the section of secondary, special and higher

instruction, a chief of the section of elementary instruction, two general

inspectors of the secondary and special schools, a medical inspector, six

assistantschief, an accountant, and two Assistantaccountants.

The schools of the Principality

The schools of the Principality are divided

by the law of 1891 into national schools and private schools. All the schools

that are provided for by the State, departments, districts or parishes, and

where the instruction is given in Bulgarian, are considered as national

schools. To the category of private schools belong all the educational

establishments which are supported by the various religious communities,

associations, confraternities or private individuals.

The national schools, in their turn, are

subdivided into primary schools, secondary schools, professional schools and

high schools.

Small But Yummy

How do you eat finger-food with style and finesse?

Our expert offers some tips on how to eat classy snacks with dignity.

They’re the tiny snacks that make it possible for us to try a wide range of different, equally delicious ingredients. They are, of course, the mini-savouries which so tease our palates. Around the world, these are not just a good accompaniment to wines and aperitifs, but have also come to be seen as a great alternative to three-course menus in recent years.

Spanish tapas, Italian antipasti, Chinese dim sum, Indian tiffin or mezze from the Middle East have also won our culinary hearts. You can hardly attend a reception, cocktail evening, opening or premiere nowadays without being offered a culinary experience that dispenses with cutlery. The French lovingly refer to them as hors d’oeuvres. They are designed to enable adults to eat using nothing but their fingers.

Finger Food

But that, of course, is precisely the catch with them. Handling such top-end finger-food in a skilful, tactful and appetising manner is a precondition for its stylish enjoyment. Here are a few tips on how to eat such snacks and retain some dignity. Even a piece of pizza can be eaten with style if you want. Just press against the sides a little, and nothing will drip onto your trousers or shirt. The ever-popular fries simply taste best with ketchup. But be careful with the red tomato sauce – less is sometimes more, especially if you then forget to clean the corners of your mouth with a serviette after enjoying them. And what about the cocktail tomato?

This is a popular, and fast, antipasti snack. The danger here lurks when actually biting into it. Remember to keep your mouth closed, and you need not shower your neighbour in the flesh of the delicious fruit. The prawn should always be held at the tail-end before being bitten into. Nobody wants to see how you pick at it with both hands in your mouth in an effort to remove any remaining bits of meat and shell. Serviettes are not just there for decorative purposes, and please don’t just place used toothpicks back in the presentation bowl.

He guest after you will thank you for it. Foreign guests should be warned that not everything baked at these latitudes is tempura. Small pork savouries are often concealed in the batter. And finally, one more tip: should you be very hungry, make sure you get a standing table. With a glass in one hand and a savoury in the other, it can be difficult to greet passing throngs of guests.

Source: https://bulgaria.tourhints.info/small-yummy/

The glory and supremacy of Simeon's reign

The glory and supremacy of Simeon’s reign,

unfortunately, did not last. Internal struggles had begun, owing to the

jealousies of some of the nobles and their spirit of adventure. The boyars, the

knights and dignitaries of Bulgaria, had always had great authority. In the

reign of Boris II. (A.D. 963), a boyar named Shishman Mokar raised a party and

took possession of the whole of Western Bulgaria, turning it into a separate

kingdom. Boris was overwhelmed by fresh misfortunes. The Russians invaded

Bulgaria, and Boris called in the help of the Emperor, John Zemissius, who took

advantage of the situation to gain possession of the kingdom. Fortunately, the

successor of Shishman, Tsar Samuel, whose reign was as brilliant as that of

Simeon, succeeded in reuniting the kingdom of Bulgaria, with Prespa as capital.

A long and unlucky war with Byzantium

In 1015 Bulgaria, after a long and unlucky war with Byzantium, was brought to subjection. A new state of things began for the Bulgarians, who till then had never felt the control of an enemy. The people longed for liberty, and there were many attempts at revolt. Towards 1186, two brothers, John and Peter Assen, raised a revolt and succeeded in reestablishing the ancient kingdom, choosing as capital Timova, their native town. It was then that Timova became what it still remains, the historic town of Bulgaria. The reign of John and Peter Assen was a brilliant time for Bulgaria Art and literature flourished as never before, and commerce developed to a considerable extent. Once more the Bulgarian empire was respected and feared abroad.

This lasted as long as the dynasty founded by John and Peter Assen continued to reign. Unfortunately, this dynasty died out in 1257, and Bulgaria fell into the hands of usurpers. Once more it was divided, and different chiefs, among them Roman, George Terter and Michael Shishman, tried in turn to found dynasties and protect the country. They all tailed. On the one side the Servians, on the other the Magyars, and afterwards the Turks, who were already settled in the south of the peninsula, cast greedy eyes on Bulgaria. At last, as a result of the famous and fatal battle of Kossovo (A,D. 1393), Bulgaria lost her political independence and became a simple Ottoman province.

I am from the generation that witnessed

communism. I had my good moments, I had my fears but I love Bulgaria the most.

Many interesting things can be learnt and seen on a communist Bulgaria tour.

Definitely, this is something to be experienced – a tour in an ex-communist

country.

Soon afterwards she lost the independence

of her autonomous Church, and in spiritual matters became a slave of the

Phanar. All the other Christian peoples of the peninsula were in their turn

subjected by the Turks.

Shopping malls and department

Germany is celebrating the 125th anniversary of the birth of the automobile with a wide range of events. Museums are offering an insight into its fascinating history.

Austria is a shoppers paradise compared to anywhere in the world. Onfo Switzerland and the USA can beat us, in fact, when it comes to numbers of digniped shopping centres.

Shopping malls and department stores in prime city centre locations are regaining their popularity fast. The best example of this trend is the Kastner & Ohler department store, which was newly renovated and reopened last year.

Innsbruck’s DEZ shopping mall is another with an enviable success story to tell: the “DEZ” can boast 25,0 visitors a day. When the department store first opened on 24 September 1970, nobody could have guessed the success story this ‘‘square box on the edge of town”, as it was dismissively referred to at the time, would eventually write. With 11,000 m2 of sales area and 700 parking spaces, the DEZ was the first shopping mall in Austria. Today, with its 140 shops and 7.5 million visitors per annum, the DEZ is amongst the best in the west of the country.

Ringstrassen Galerien

The Ringstrassen-Galerien, on the other hand, boast a highly classy address in Vienna. At the very heart of the city, this is a shopping mall with a difference; oriented to both cultural and urban audiences, the space also plays host to numerous events.

In total, consumers in Austria now have something like 13 million square metres of retail space available to them. That’s the equivalent of 1,613 square metres of shopping space per person. That’s considerably more than in Great Britain, where people have to be satisfied with less than 1,300 square metres of shopping per head. The global leaders are Switzerland, with 2,400 square metres, and the USA with…

4.0 square metres of shopping enjoyment waiting to be had per person.

The two largest shopping malls in Austria are SCS Vosendorf (including the SCS Multiplex cinema), with

176.0 square metres of rentable space, and Vienna’s Donauzentrum (including the Donauplex), with

86.0 square metres of floor space. Just last year, the Donauzentrum celebrated an inspired architectural extension.

McArthurGlen Designer Outlet

Pleasingly, one area where Austria comes out ahead of Switzerland is in the number of outlets per person: in this field, Austria is clearly on top with 153 per person, where Switzerland has only 141. The Austrian showpiece project of McArthurGlen Designer Outlet, built in the Burgenland village ofParndorf, has serious pulling power, and within a few years has become an economic engine of regeneration for the entire area. Due to the huge success of the site, a second McArthurGlen Designer Outlet was opened in Salzburg two years ago. So what’s so special about the outlets? It’s a simple enough formula: the prices are always low, and bargain-hunters can purchase their favourite brands at prices slashed by 30 percent (and sometimes up to 70 percent!) six days a week. And all in a shopping environment which leaves nothing to be desired in terms of style.

In Austria as a whole, the annual turnover generated by the shopping malls is almost 37 billion euros. That’s the equivalent of turnover per person of around 4,600 euros, higher than either Germany or Italy. Significantly more is spent, on the other hand, in Switzerland (c. 7,400 euros per person) and the USA (9,000 euros per person). The share of total turnover generated by the shopping malls is steadily rising, however. Just like their popularity!

Delivered at these celebrations and disseminate

In the addresses delivered at these

celebrations and disseminate ted by the mass media all over the country, apart

from the greetings addressed to the Bulgarian people in connection with the

1300th anniversary of the foundation of the Bulgarian state, the role of the

Bulgarian Communist Party for the rapid development of Bulgaria after the

victory over fascism was stressed.

Stressing the firm and dynamic leadership

of President Zhivkov, a great friend of the Mozambique people, his part for the

active and persistant participation of Bulgaria in the struggle against neocolo

nialism, racism, Zionism and racial separateness, for peace, justice and social

progress was marked.

The celebrations of the 1300th anniversary

of Bulgaria ended with the naming of one of the capital’s districts after the

name of Georgi Dimitrov.

With the activities carried out in the

People’s Republic of Mozambique for marking this important event in the history

of the Bulgarian people, the Central Committee of the FRELIMO Party, the

Permanent Commission of the People’s Assembly and the Government of the

People’s Republic of Mozambique express their respect to the Bulgarian people,

to the Bulgarian Communist Party and the Government of the People’s Republic of

Bulgaria and confirm once more the feeling of friendship and solidarity which

have connected our two peoples, parties and states.

For the victory of socialism!

For peace!

For progress!

The struggle continues!

Central Committee of the FRELIMO Party

Permanent Commission of the People’s Assembly Government of the People’s

Republic of Mozambique.

Ball in the Hofburg Palace in Vienna,

dedicated to the 1300years anniversary of Bulgaria

TOTODOR ZHIVKOV, GENERAL SECRETARY OF THE

CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY AND PRESIDENT OF THE STATE

COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA.

The Sandinist Front for National Liberation

sends a fraternal and revolutionary greeting to the people, The Communist Party

and the Government of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria on the occasion of the

celebration of 1300th anniversary of the foundation of the Bulgarian state.

Winter in Bulgaria is almost here and it’s

time to plan you holidays

to Bulgaria. May be you try this lovely country this time. I can give more information

about winter resorts.

The history of our two nations, repleat

with struggles and fighting spirit, our efforts to build a new society, social

justice and peace in the world, strengthen our conviction that the ties of

friendship, existing between, on the one hand, the people of Nicaragua, their

historic vangard  the Sandinist Front for

National Liberation  and their government

and on the other hand  the people, the

Communist Party and the government of the Motherland of Georgi Dimitrov, will

become ever closer each passing day.

Bulgarians documented idea

This is a wonderfully documented idea of the Bulgarians themselves of their ships, in which they sailed and traded across seas and rivers.

The reconstruction of the Bulgarian state after its temporary dependence on Byzantium by the brothers Tsar Petar (1185 1197) and Tsar Assen (1186 1195/6). And its stabilization under the rule of Tsar Kaloyan (1196 1207) reach their peak at the time of Tsar Yoan Assen II (1218 1241) when Bulgaria was bordered by three seas   the Black, the Aegean and the Adriatic.

A French historian wrote about Yoan Assen II:

“…Assen built 25 (twenty five) galleys… war ships, which appeared in the Black Sea on the Bulgarian side…”

The reason of above was the participation of the Bulgarian fleet, together with the Greek one, in the battle of Constantinople in 1235. These and other ships were made at a big yard at the estuary of Kamchya River, i.e. near the east part of the Balkan Range, which is extremely rich in timber (oak wood) for shipbuilding.

Independent Bulgarian ruler

In the second half of the 14th century, the independent Bulgarian ruler in the northeast, Despot Dobrotitsa, whose name has been given to the region (called Dobrudzha even today), carried out a very active maritime policy. His capital was Kaliakra   an excellent base and an “admiralty” fortress harbor.

In 1367, the Black Sea fortress harbors of Kavama, Karvuna (Balchik), Kastritsi (north of Kranevo), Varna, Galata, Rosito, Vicha, Kozyak (near Obzor) and Emona were within the borders of his state. He was declared a Despot by Tsar Yoan Alexandar (1331 1371) in 1369 and obtained the Danube fort of Drustar. Dobrotitsa undertook a sea campaign to Trapezund (present Trabzon in Turkey) on the Black Sea with me the intention of enthroning his son in law there.

He minted his own coins on which the name of the capital, Kaliakra, was written. This powerful ruler was allied to the Venetians and carried out pirate attacks against the Genovese ships in the Black Sea. The Genoa archives are full of information on the pirate attacks of Dobrotitsa’s ships. As late as 1387 his son beneficial peace treaty for trade with Genoa. The Ottoman invasion, however, hampered the fast development of that powerful Bulgarian sea state.

There were more than twenty Bulgarian ports along Lower Danube in the 12th – 14th centuries   stretching from Florentin (near Vidin) down to the river delta. In that period, the most important were Bdin, Oryahovo, Nicopol and Holavnik on the opposite bank, Svishtov, Novgrad and Pirgos, Ruse, and Gyurgevo on the north bank, Tutrakan, Drustar and Ostrova.

Source: https://bulgaria.tourhints.info/bulgarians-documented-idea/

The People’s Republic of Kampuchea

The People’s Republic of Kampuchea will

advance decisively along the road of independence, peace, democracy and

nonaligne ment along the road of socialism, actively contributing in this way

to the preservation of the peace and stability in SouthEast Asia.

The Kampuchean people will continue to

develop their traditional solidarity with all fraternal socialist countries and

in particular with Viet Nam, the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of

Bulgaria.

Our people are delighted that the relations

of friendship, fraternal solidarity and cooperation between Kampuchea and

Bulgaria develop incessantly in the interest of both nations, to the benefit of

social progress, thus affirming the position of the two nations in the world.

Express our deep gratitude to Comrade

Finally I would like to express our deep

gratitude to Comrade Todor Zhivkov, for the invitation to take part in the

celebration of this festive jubilee. I would like to extend to him personally,

to the leaders of the Party and the State, to the entire Bulgarian people my

best wishes for health, fiery energy and full success in the further

construction of developed socialism in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria,

carrying into effect the decisions of the Twelfth Congress of the Bulgarian

Communist Party.

The People’s Republic of Kampuchea and the

People’s Republic of Bulgaria will march always together along the road of the

victorious MarxismLeninism.

Long live the friendship, the militant

solidarity and the cooperation between the parties, the governments and the

peoples of Kampuchea and Bulgaria.

Pen Sovan, Secretary General of the

People’s Revolutionary Party of Kampuchea and Chairman of the Council of

Ministers.

TO

TODOR ZHIVKOV, SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE

CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE BULGARIAN COMMUNIST PARTY AND CHAIRMAN OF THE STATE

COUNCIL OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, GRISHA FILIPOV, CHAIRMAN OF THE

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, STANKO TODOROV

CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

On the occasion of the celebrations for the

1300th Anniversary from the foundation of the Bulgarian State, we are sending

you comrade, and through you to all the brotherly Bulgarian people affectionate

greetings and good wishes.

13 centuries the Bulgarian people

For the past 13 centuries the Bulgarian

people overcame a road filled with abstacles and different hardships, a road of

heroic and continuous battles gave countless cherished victims for the

strengthening and progress of its fatherland. Thanks to the continuous work and

selfdenying the Bulgarian people reached a considerable succes in its economic

and cultural developement, contributing in the history of the Balkans and

Europe.

Miss Tempy’s Watchers part 1

Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909)

Sarah Orne Jewett was born at South Berwick, Maine, in 1849. She was one of the leading exponents of New England life in fiction. She came of an old and cultured family. In 1887 she published her first book, Deephaven, a study of New England life in the form of an autobiography. This was followed by a number of other books, novels and short stories concerned with the life and character of New England folk.

Miss Tempy’s Watchers is reprinted from The King of Folly Island, etc. Copyright, 1888, Houghton Mifflin & Co., by whose permission it is here used.

Miss Tempy’s Watchers

The time of year was April; the place was a small farming town in New Hampshire, remote from any railroad. One by one the lights had been blown out in the scattered houses near Miss Tempy Dent’s; but as her neighbors took a last look out-of-doors, their eyes turned with instinctive curiosity toward the old house, where a lamp burned steadily. They gave a little sigh. “Poor Miss Tempy!” said more than one bereft acquaintance; for the good woman lay dead in her north chamber, and the light was a watcher’s light. The funeral was set for the next day, at one o’clock.

The watchers were two of the oldest friends, Mrs. Crowe and Sarah Ann Binson. They were sitting in the kitchen, because it seemed less awesome than the unused best room, and they beguiled the long hours by steady conversation. One would think that neither topics nor opinions would hold out, at that rate, all through the long spring night; but there was a certain degree of excitement just then, and the two women had risen to an unusual level of expressiveness and confidence.

Each had already told the other more than one fact that she had determined to keep secret; they were again and again tempted into statements that either would have found impossible by daylight. Mrs. Crowe was knitting a blue yarn stocking for her husband; the foot was already so long that it seemed as if she must have forgotten to narrow it at the proper time. Mrs. Crowe knew exactly what she was about, however; she was of a much cooler disposition that Sister Bin- son, who made futile attempts at some sewing, only to drop her work into her lap whenever the talk was most engaging.

Their faces were interesting of the dry, shrewd, quick-witted New England type, with thin hair twisted neatly back out of the way. Mrs. Crowe could look vague and benignant, and Miss Binson was, to quote her neighbors, a little too sharp-set; but the world knew that she had need to be, with the load she must carry of supporting an inefficient widowed sister and six unpromising and unwilling nieces and nephews.

The eldest boy was at last placed with a good man to learn the mason’s trade. Sarah Ann Binson, for all her sharp, anxious aspect, never defended herself, when her sister whined and fretted. She was told every week of her life that the poor children never would have had to lift a finger if their father had lived, and yet she had kept her steadfast way with the little farm, and patiently taught the young people many useful things, for which, as everybody said, they would live to thank her. However pleasureless her life appeared to outward view, it was brimful of pleasure to herself.

Source: https://bulgarian.marietaminkova.com/miss-tempys-watchers-part-1/

Title Special Events and places in Arbanasi

The Miracle of the Church

of the Birth of Christ

In the

Eastern Orthodox calender, Easter is one of the largest celebration of the

Christian faith, and at this time many of the faithful make their way to this

church, as legend has it that on Easter Saturday water appears on the scared

throne (the altar), which the faithful believe has miraculous powers of

healing. They take a few drops of this to relieve illness and pain, and it is

said if the water remains until the suns rise the following day, it is a sign

of Gods blessing and a prosperous year for all ahead.

The Circle of Life

In the same

Church, on the East wall of the loft is placed a most unusual mural depicting

“The Circle of Life” with all signs of the zodiac making up a circle

around a face which is a depiction of Christ. Around that are four naked

figures representing the four seasons, and yet gain around that is the

representation of twelve human figures lying in a clockwise direction. On a

wider circumference are nine figures holding staffs of equal length encircling

the entire mural? In the first half the figures represent the growth cycle of

life, the second half showing the decline and final end of this mortal life,

with an interesting inscription.

This

complicated composition would seem to owe much too Far Eastern philosophy, but

with a focus on the life of Christ, and is a most unusual find in a Christian

church. It has a particular mystery that enchants the viewer for many a time

after.

The Outcasts of Poker Flat Part 1

Bret Harte (1839-1902)

Francis Bret Harte was born at Albany in 1839, and after receiving an ordinary school education, went to California, in 1854. He tried teaching and mining, but without success, and then worked as compositor on a San Francisco paper. During that time he published a few verses and sketches. On the appearance of The Luck of Roaring Camp in the Overland Monthly, he was hailed as a man of exceptional talent as indeed he was.

It was he who popularized the Western story. Such tales as The Luck of Roaring Camp and The Outcasts of Poker Flat are typical of Harte at his best. He was often over-sentimental and at times he wrote primarily in order to exhibit a trick-ending, in the manner of O. Henry, but the story included in this volume shows that he could interpret and describe human beings in a masterly fashion.

This story is reprinted from the volume The Luck of Roaring Camp, etc. Copyright, 1872, by Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston, by whose permission it is here used.

The Outcasts of Poker Flat

As Mr. John Oakhurst, gambler, stepped into the main street of Poker Flat on the morning of the 23d of November, 1850, he was conscious of a change in its moral atmosphere since the preceding night. Two or three men, conversing earnestly together, ceased as he approached, and exchanged significant glances. There was a Sabbath lull in the air, which, in a settlement unused to Sabbath influences, looked ominous.

Mr. Oakhurst’s calm, handsome face betrayed small concern in these indications. Whether he was conscious of any predisposing cause was another question. “I reckon they’re after somebody,” he reflected: “likely it’s me.” He returned to his pocket the handkerchief with which he had been wiping away the red dust of Poker Flat from his neat boots, and quietly discharged his mind of any further conjecture.

In point of fact, Poker Flat was “after somebody.” It had lately suffered the loss of several thousand dollars, two valuable horses, and a prominent citizen. It was experiencing a spasm of virtuous reaction, quite as lawless and ungovernable as any of the acts that had provoked it. A secret committee had determined to rid the town of all improper persons. This was done permanently in regard to two men who were 1 lien hanging from the boughs of a sycamore in the gulch, and emptily in the banishment of certain other objectionable characters.

I regret to say that some of these were ladies. It is but due to the sex, however, to state that their impropriety was professional, and it was only in such easily established standards of evil that Poker Flat ventured In sit in judgment.

Source: https://bulgaria.tourhints.info/the-outcasts-of-poker-flat-part-1/

Chapel was dark

Being ignorant of all architectural lore, I could form no opinion as to the antiquity of the building. The chapel was so dark, the walls and pavements were so obscured with the smoke of wax-tapers, that it was impossible to decipher the inscriptions on the flags, or to discover what the blotches of faded colours on the walls were intended to represent. The prior seemed to know as little about the convent’s history as I did myself, and all he could tell us was that both it and the chapel were very old indeed, and that there was no money forthcoming to place the chapel in proper repair, with new crosses, new pictures of the Virgin, new missals, and new vestments, such as would befit the historic dignity of the shrine. It struck me that to any one at all versed in ecclesiastical architecture, the chapel would have proved a sort of treasure-trove. But the opinion of the prior seemed to be that it was quite good enough as it stood, for all the use that was ever made of it.

Greek Good Friday

The day on which I visited the place was the Greek Good Friday, but there had been no service performed there that day, as the peasants of the neighbouring village had all gone to Sofia to attend the weekly market, and nobody had come to church. At its very fullest, the chapel could not well contain more than a score of people. Altogether, I should consider the prior had a very easy berth, and, even in wealthier countries, would have been considered well paid for such clerical labours as he performed.

He told us that he owned two houses in Sofia, and that in the winter time he resided there himself, because the air in the hills was too keen and too sharp for a man of his age. In his absence, the curate looks after the spiritual requirements of the village, and the prior only returns when the visitors commence driving out from the capital. I saw no reason to suppose that the prior neglected his duty, either in his own opinion or in that of his parishioners.

The reason why I have dwelt upon his personal position, as he told it to us, is that the incident seems to me to be a curious illustration of Bulgarian national character. Here was a man who, in virtue of his position, was of more than average education, who was certainly not unintelligent, and who was possessed of means which would have enabled him to live in considerable comfort; yet he was content to pass his life as a peasant amongst peasants, not from any high ideal of the existence best befitting a minister of God, but simply because the sort of life he thus led was the one most in accordance with his own tastes, as it is with those of the great mass of his fellow-country men.

Appointed by Bulgarian Government

The judges are functionaries of the State. They are appointed by the Government, paid by the Government, and may be removed by the Government. In every commune, however small, there is a judge who forms an ex officio member of the Communal Council, elected by the in-habitants. These communal judges have very limited juris-diction. They have no power to inflict personal punishment in criminal cases; all they can do is to impose a fine, not exceeding sixteen shillings in amount, for a breach of the law; and in civil cases they only possess the right of summary jurisdiction when the amount at issue does not exceed £2. Their sentences have to be submitted to the approval of the district judges of the district in which the commune is situated.

These district judges hold office on the same tenure as the communal judges, but their jurisdiction is more extensive. They can impose fines to the extent of £2, and can decide suits concerning sums not exceeding £4; they may also try charges of theft, not aggravated by violence. Next in the legal hierarchy come the judges of First Instance, who hold courts in the chef lieux of every province. They have authority to adjudicate in all civil and criminal cases, but their decision may be referred to the Courts of Appeal, of which there are four in Bulgaria; and from these courts there lies a reference to the Supreme Court of Appeal at Sofia.

Opinion of the Government

Trial by jury is still amidst the reforms of the future. In the opinion of the Government, the country is not yet ripe for its institution. The present generation of adult peasants have had little or no education; and their ideas of justice are formed on what may be called the Cadi principle. When a new generation comes to the front, which has been educated at the national schools, and which has learned discipline in the national army, the peasants, it is thought, may become fit to act as jurymen ; but as things are, the estimation in which a Bulgarian prisoner might hold, whether for good or bad, in the opinion of his fellowtownsmen, would have much more to do with his conviction or acquittal, than the strength of the evidence connecting him with the perpetration of the particular crime of which he stood accused.

In the Courts of First Instance, however, a system has been of late years introduced, which possesses some of the advantages of trial by jury. In all criminal cases of a serious character, a certain number of towns-peoplemen, as a rule, of some education and local standingare appointed to sit with the judges and to hear the evidence adduced for or against the prisoner.

When the case is concluded, the verdict is given by the judges and assessors in conjunction, the vote of the majority deciding the question of guilt or innocence. With the giving of the verdict of “ Guilty ” or ” Not guilty,” the functions of the assessors are at an end; and the question of the punishment to be inflicted, in the event of conviction, is left to the sole arbitrament of the judges. Thus, in cases where political bias may be supposed to enter, the prisoner has the advantage of being tried before a tribunal composed of private citizens as well as of functionaries of the Government townsmen, would have much more to do with his conviction or acquittal, than the strength of the evidence connecting him with the perpetration of the particular crime of which he stood accused. In the Courts of First Instance, however, a system has been of late years introduced, which possesses some of the advantages of trial by jury. In all criminal cases of a serious character, a certain number of towns-people—men, as a rule, of some education and local standing—are appointed to sit with the judges and to hear the evidence adduced for or against the prisoner.

When the case is concluded, the verdict is given by the judges and assessors in conjunction, the vote of the majority deciding the question of guilt or innocence. With the giving of the verdict of “ Guilty ” or ” Not guilty,” the functions of the assessors are at an end; and the question of the punishment to be inflicted, in the event of conviction, is left to the sole arbitrament of the judges. Thus, in cases where political bias may be supposed to enter, the prisoner has the advantage of being tried before a tribunal composed of private citizens as well as of functionaries of the Government

Please don’t say anything to grandpa

Grandfather’s oldest son, Blagoye, Arsen’s father, is the third member of the home council. The rest of the family listens and obeys. The three elders sometimes leave the house intentionally, to give the children a chance to play to their heart’s desire, the women to talk as much as they might please and the men to smoke freely. The moment, however, one of the “big three” steps into the house, every one becomes quiet and busy.

Grandpa, being an old man, would frequently behave like a child. At times he would lose his temper for the least trifle, then he would rage, scold, and, in his excitement, strike at the nearest one. Again, he would be gentle, generous, play with the youngsters, give them coppers. Then again, for no reason in the world, he would begin to cry: “I am left alone in this world like a withered tree on a mountain.”

Youth has its frivolity, old age its senility.

The day following Arsen’s adventure, Blagoye came to Radoyka with a serious mien, saying, “Auntie! Arsen, God forgive us, is crazy about Burmas’ devil of a girl.”

“Arsen? Is that the boy who was a major last summer?”

“That’s the one.”

“Did you say Burmas’ dare-devil?”

“Yes ”

“Anoka?”

“The same.”

“She is no good for our house.”

“No, no! I think so too. But Arsen, the Lord forgive us our sins, is deeply in love with her. Velinka tells me he behaved badly last night.”

“How! What did he do?”

“Please don’t say anything to grandpa.”

“Never.”

“Velinka told me he was drunk, and that he threatened to kill Philip Marichich, because, you know—this fellow is after Anoka.”

“What do you say?” Grandma meditated a while, then said, “I’ll take the matter to grandpa and see what he says.”

“Please don’t mention a thing about last night, you know.”

“God forbid!”

Radoyka went to grandpa

Radoyka went to grandpa and told him the story; he was obviously worried. After a silence he looked at the old woman and said: “You know, my dear sister-in-law, it is just as you say. But I have head our old people say that it does no good to break young people’s hearts and disregard their desires. I believe our community has some eighty souls.”

“By far more.”

“Thank God! Why, then, shouldn’t Anoka be able to adjust herself and become one of us?”

“God bless your words.”

Several days later Anoka said to one of her friends, “I knew every-thing would turn out favorably! I am the prettiest girl in the nine villages hereabout!” She took a mirror from a little box under her blouse and began to primp her curly hair.

After becoming one of the members of the zadruga Jedanich, she remained the same spoiled girl as of old. She was always vain and obstinate; she would never do what was required of her, being always ready with a retort:

“I didn’t do this in my father’s house!”

“Why should I knead dough for a whole army? One loaf of bread is sufficient for me and my Arsen!”

Source: https://istanbulgaria.info/at-the-well-part-3/

Grant concessions

The Government has the right to grant concessions to any company, native or foreign, for the working of mines, the reclamation of lands, or the establishment of manufactures; and the Ministers are not indisposed to accord such concessions. But the concessionaire, when he has obtained his concession, finds himself hampered and thwarted at every step by the claims of the commune in which his enterprise has to be conducted.

The authority of the commune within its own area is very great; and any member of the commune can raise difficulties which would militate against the concession being worked successfully, on the plea that it interfered with his supply of water, his rights of pasturage, or the cultivation of his lands. There is as yet no clear law with reference to the relative rights of the State and the commune, when the rights of the former come into conflict with local interests. The communal system is so identified with the ideas and customs of the nation, that it is difficult to modify the powers of the State over the internal administration of the communes to the disadvantage of the latter, until the Bulgarian public are brought to see that they have a personal interest in augmenting the legal authority of the central Government.

Increased prosperity

In view of the greatly increased prosperity of the trading classes, and the rapid growth of the towns, the peasantry consider—and this opinion of theirs is also held by the Government—that they contribute an unduly large proportion to the public revenue. Not only is the land-tax unreasonably heavy, so heavy, indeed, as to cripple the resources which ought to be available for the improvement of the land; but, owing to the taxes being now collected directly by the Government instead of indirectly by the farming system, and owing to the repayment of these taxes being at present enforced in cash and not in produce, the burden of taxation weighs more heavily nowadays on the peasants than it did in the old times.

Any proposal, therefore, to shift the burden of taxation to any material extent from agriculture to trade would not only be just in itself, but would be so popular as to reconcile public opinion to a considerable restriction of communal autonomy. For the present, however, the Capitulations stand in the way of any adequate redistribution of the taxes as against the towns and in favour of the country. Bulgaria is still nominally an integral portion of the Ottoman Empire, and is, therefore, subject to the provisions of the Capitulations.

Bulgarians first contact Balkan

The Bulgarians’ first contact with the Balkan Peninsula is dated to the end of the fifth and the beginning of the 6th centuries. They settled gradually in the regions of the former Roman provinces of Moesia, Dacia and Macedonia. The territories had suffered invasions of the Barbarians in the 3rd—5th centuries but the Bulgarians revived them, bringing economic, political and cultural prosperity. The following expressive statement refers to such a prospering country:

“They say that the land of Alexandaros Ogal Sosmanoz [Tsar Yoan Shishman (1371—1395)], son of Alexandar [Tsar Yoan Alexandar (1331—1371)], is on the bank of the river Tuna [Danube] and belongs to the region of Edirne [Odrin]…

It [the land of the Bulgarians] was a very fertile region. It exported honey, butter and sheep across the world. In general, there were all kinds of goods in it, more than in other regions.”

From Book of Description of the World by Mehmed Neshri. Translated by I. Tataria. Kitab-i Gihannuma, Mehmed Nesri, Ankara, 1949.

Medieval Bulgarian state

The medieval Bulgarian state in Southeastern Europe occupied the lands to the south of the Balkan Mountains in the direction of Constantinople. The dream of conquering the Byzantine metropolis was alive until the death of Tsar Simeon the Great (893 927). The policy of inhabiting the lands in the south-southwest turned out however to be more productive.

The territories south of the Rhodope Mountains to the Aegean Sea and in the west to Morava River, present day Macedonia and parts of Northern Thessaly, Albania, Kosovo were joined at the time of Kan Presian (836 852). These regions and the whole of Moesia and Thrace formed the historical ethnic cultural space of the Bulgarians in Southeastern Europe in the middle Ages.

Most European states

The territories of most European states, including Bulgaria, took shape in the early Middle Age Period. Only the lands of modem Italy and Germany are an exception; they became state territories in the second half of the 19th century.

In most cases, the causes of wars were the defense of territories already possessed, rather than the taking control of new ones with a foreign population. Medieval Bulgarians lived under the impression of occupying vast territories, which they usually referred to as “Upper Land” (Moesia with the lower flows of the rivers Timok and Bulgarian Morava, as well as the plains up to the Carpathian Mountains) and “Lower Land” (Thrace, the Aegean coast and present-day Macedonia). In the period 7- 14th centuries, the Bulgarians who were the most numerous people in the Balkan Peninsula, settled permanently in their ethnic lands.

Source: https://www.doholiday.com/bulgarians-first-contact-balkan/

Completing the elementary education

The first class in the high schools is occupied with testing and, if necessary, completing the elementary education that the pupils have received in the elementary schools. The highest class embraces the study of chemistry, conic sections, the differential calculus, and political economy. There is no instruction given in dead or foreign languages. In the intermediate classes between the first and last, the pupils pass through the various stages of education in such studies as mathematics, history, geography, astronomy, and general science. Of course, when you have to communicate by the aid of an interpreter, it is not easy to ascertain what degree of learning the pupils have actually acquired. But, judging from the diagrams, maps, models, and text-books which I saw in use, the instruction imparted was certainly of a higher and more serious character than that given in any ordinary public school of our own country. The boys appeared to me to follow the explanations of their teachers with extreme attention and interest, and had none of the listless, bored look, which, if my recollection serves me rightly, used to be—and I dare say is—so characteristic of English school-boys in a class-room. The teachers seem to take great interest in their pupils, and were obviously most anxious to impress a stranger with the extent of their scholars* attainments. They all declared that the children, as a general rule, were anxious to learn, and quick at learning. Any religious difficulty is got over by allowing the children of different sects to receive religious instruction in separate class-rooms, imparted by ministers of their own creed.

Orthodox Greeks

As the building has any amount of space, and as there are only four important schismatic denominations — the Orthodox Greeks, the Catholics, the Mahommedans, and the Jews—there is no difficulty about finding separate accommodation for the purpose. The religious teaching is always given, either at the commencement or at the end of the day’s lessons, so as to leave the regular school work uninterrupted. From what I could learn, no very great importance is attached by the parents to religious instruction being given one way or the other, so long as no attempt at proselytizing is made or suspected of being made. The boys themselves, in common with all Bulgarian lads, were strong, stout-built fellows, not unintelligent in look, but with a sort of peasant aspect, which characterizes the whole race.

INDUSTRIES AND TRADES

SKETCH OF THE ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE

PRINCIPALITY

BULGARIA is an agricultural country. The

prosperity of the inhabitants depends almost entirely on the harvests, which in

consequence serve as a criterion for judging the economic state of the country.

The consequences of a good or bad harvest are felt not only in agricultural

circles but in commerce, trades, and industries, and this to such an extent

that to judge whether the harvest of any year was good or bad one has only to

look at the statistics of trade with other countries. The extent of foreign trade

is in direct proportion with the crops : a good harvest is followed by a great

increase of trade with foreign countries, which a bad harvest almost

immediately paralyses.

It is easy to see the truth of this

statement from the following table, where the figures for grain export are

compared with the figures for the general foreign trade (both import and

export) for a period of ten years.

Yew.      Imports.

Francs. Exports.

Francs. Total.

Francs. Export

of cereals. Francs.

Z894 ..  99,229,193          72,850,675          172,079,868        55,871,305

1895 ..  69,020,295          77,685,546          146,705,841        60,473,405

1896 ..  76,530,278          108,739,977        185,270,255        94,089,072

1897 ..  83,994,236          59,790,511          143,784,747        46,418,601

I898 ..   72,730,250          66,537,007          139,267,257        48,491,343

Year.     Imports.

Franca. Exports.

Francs. Total.

Francs. Export

of cereals. Francs.

1899 ..  60,178,079          53,467,099          113,645,178        32,801,247

1900 . . 46,342,100          53,982,629          100,324,729        27,128,280

I9OI . .   70,044,073          82,769,759          152,813,832        51,717,228

1902 ..  71,246,492          103,684,530        174,931,022        63,699,691

1903 ..  81,802,281          108,073,639        189,876,220        74,215,803

Importance of our foreign trade

On the other hand the importance of our foreign trade may be estimated by the operations of the Bulgarian National Bank, which is chiefly occupied with exchange and current accounts operations. It has been established during the last ten years that the exchange operations and the amount of current accounts which correspond to years with good harvests differ considerably from those of years with poor crops. This may be seen from the following table :   

Whatever may be the importance of the

agricultural exports—and the progress made in the development of this branch

gives confident hope for the future—Bulgaria cannot be called a rich country.

As in all agricultural countries, our sole source of national wealth is the

land. Industries are only beginning; agriculture itself is carried on by the

expansive system, whereas it is the intensive system which is generally a

characteristic of rich agricultural countries and advanced cultivation.